Anatomy
The study of the structures and organization of the body
Physiology
The study of the functions of the body parts
Ventral
The "bellyside" / front size
Midsagittal
Plane vertically dividing the body into equal right and left portions
Mediastinum
The space between the lungs
Cell
The basic unit of life; collection of organelles
Superior
Uppermost or above
Ventral Cavity
Bellyside cavity that includes thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
ATP
Energy; adenosine-triphosphate
Atoms
Smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element
Elements
Substance with the same amount of protons and electrons
Ion
Charged atom
Compounds
Combination of two or more elements in bonding
Atomic Number
Number of protons or electrons
Atoms are electrically_____
Neutral
Brownian Movement
Random collisions of diffusing molecules
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low one
Increased temperature causes diffusion to _____
Move faster
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Hypotonic
Solute Concentration higher inside than outside. Water moves into cell and causes swelling.
Hypertonic
Solute Concentration higher outside than inside. Water moves out of cell and causes shrinking.
Isotonic
Solute concentration equal on inside and outside. Water stays the same in concentration.
Neutral pH reading is____ that only _____ has
10^-7; distilled water
Buffers
Substances that function to prevent radical changes in pH. Act as reservoirs for H+. Donates H+ when H+ concentration falls and accepts when rises.
Protoplasm
The living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane (cell membrane); solution made of water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic cells
Cytoplasm
The protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus ; the region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Nucleus
Control center" of the cell ; a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction ; contains nucleolus ; nucleic pores ; continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum ; the most prominent organelle
Nucleolus
The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus
Lysosomes
Spheres that contain digestive enzymes ; stores food, maintains and repairs organelles, contains suicide agent for old and damaged cells
Chloroplasts
Large organelles containing chlorophyll (green pigment) ; composed of double membrane (inner + outer), thylakoids, and stroma (liquid). Where photosynthesis takes place.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse" of the cell. Organelle involved in ATP production through cellular respiration (converts energy in food into usable chemical energy)
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis ; composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins ; no membrane ; free in cytoplasm (results in proteins made to go anywhere within the cell needed) or bound to Endoplasmic Reticulum (results in proteins made to stay within the ER
Plant cell wall is made of_____
cellulose
Photosynthesis
Occurs in plants; converts light energy (photons), CO2, and H20 into "food"(glucose) and oxygen.
6 CO2 + 12 H2O ? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Cell membrane is ______, allowing materials to enter and exit.
Semi-permeable
Cilia
Short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that are located on the cell's surface and enable the movement of cells or the movement of materials outside a cell ; small projections for movement
Flagella
Long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell's surface and enable movement; large projections for movement
Periosteum
Tough membrane on outside of bone; protects long bones ; provides nutrient-rich blood for bones cells and is a source of bone - developing cells during growth or after a fracture
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells; remove bone during remodeling
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells ; spindle shaped cells
Osteocytes
Develop from osteoblasts ; mature bone cells
Ossification
The developmental process of bone formation
Hemotopoiesis
Blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow
Patella
Largest Sesamoid bone
Hyoid
Only facial bone that doesn't articulate with another bone
Atlas
The 1st cervical vertebrae (C1); yes bone
Axis
The 2nd cervical vertebrae (C2) ; no bone
Ischium
Strongest bone of pelvic girdle; the "sit down" bone
Diaphysis
The shaft of the long bone; contains compact bone with a central cavity
Epiphysis
The end of a long bone; externally has compact bone, internally had cancellous (spongy) bone; capped with articular cartilage
Bone Growth
Occurs at the boundary between the metaphysis and epiphysis (growth plate); epiphyseal line
Kyphosis
An abnormal outward (backward) curvature of the vertebral column
Lordosis
An abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column
Scoliosis
An abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column.
True Ribs
First 7 pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by individual cartilage
False Ribs
Ribs 8-10
Floating Ribs
Ribs 11-12; Don't attach to the sternum.
Ligaments
Tissue that connects bone to bone
Tendons
Tissue that connects muscle to bone
Long bone
A type of bone that is longer than it is wide; femur, humerus, phalanges ; consist of a Diaphysis and an Epiphysis
Short bone
Cubelike bones; the length, width, and height measurements are all about the same ; include the carpal bones (hands, wrist) and tarsal bones (feet, ankles) ; orregular
Flat bone
Thin, usually curved bones located in skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae ; supply protection and excessive muscle attachment
Osteoporosis
Condition of decreased bone mass, causing bones to become brittle and have an increased susceptibility to fractures.
206 bones
There are ____ bones in the skeleton.
Manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process
3 parts of the sternum are _____, _____ , and _____.
Humerus
Upper arm bone ; largest bone in the upper extremity
Ulna
The larger and medial bone of the lower arm
Radius
The shorter and lateral bone of the lower arm
Kneecap
General name for "patella
Thigh bone
Femur - Heaviest, strongest, and longest bone in the body.
Hand bones
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Ankle bones
Tarsals
Wrist bones
Carpals
Heel bone
Calcaneus
Collar bone
Clavicle
Breast bone
Sternum
Shoulder blade
Scapula
Foot bones
Metatarsals
In order to prevent the development of osteoporosis, extra calcium is needed in the diet, exercise can help by stimulating the formation of new bone ; Vitamins A and C are necessary for proper bone development ; Vitamin D (from Sun) is necessary for prope
Explain how diet and exercise relates to bone growth and formation.
Articulation
A place of junction between two or more bones; the point where two bones come together ; a joint
Structure; function
Joints are classified according to ______ and ______
Synarthoses
Types of joints that do not allow any movement
Hinge Joint
Joints limited to a flexion and extension in one plane
Ball and socket joint
Joint that allows movement in all directions
Suture
Immovable joint ; can be found between the various types of skull bones ; thin layer of fibrous tissue
Flexion
Decreasing an angle between bones such as to "nod" the head
Rotation
Turning a body part on central axis
Extension
Increasing and angle between bones such as to kick a ball
Elevation
Raising a body part
Dorsi Flexion
Heels down/toes up towards shin; upward flexion of ankle
Abduction
Moving a limb away from the midline
Adduction
Moving a limb toward the midline
Supination
Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward; movement that allows you to carry a bowl of soup
Action ; Shape ; Origin and Insertion ; Relative Size ; location ; number of divisions ; direction the fibers run
Muscles are named according to ______, ______ , _______, _______, ________, ________, and _______.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction ; released at neuromuscular junction
Troponin
Calcium attaches to _______ to allow for contraction.
Myosin
Thick filament
Actin
Thin filament
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
move closer together
Z-lines _____ during contraction
All or none law
Principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; the neuron either fires at full strength or it does not fire at all.
Phosphocreatine
A high-energy compound that can be used to re-form ATP. it is used primarily during bursts of activity, such as lifting and jumping ; only found in muscles
Flexor muscle
A muscle that that decreases the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, as in bending the elbow or knee
Parts of the quadriceps femoris
4 parts
Cramps
Prolonged, involuntary muscle contractions
Atrophy
The wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure;
Synergists
Assist the prime movers
Origin
The immovable end of a muscle ; fixed attachment
Agonist
Muscle that causes movement
Antagonist
Muscle that strengthens the joint
Function of the deltoid
Abducts arm
Abdominal muscles
Muscle that develops when we do sit ups
The S.A.I.D principle asserts that the human body adapts specifically to imposed demands; all training is specific to a particular task, specific skills or training may not easily generalize or transfer to distinct activities. Thus, sprinting might not tr
Explain the S.A.I.D Principle as it relates to an athlete who is a sprinter as one who is a distance runner.
Cardiac Cycle
A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles
72
Heart beats ______ times per minute.
Systemic circulation
The movement of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart
Pulmonary circulation
Circulation from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
Double Pump
Artia contract together ; ventricles contract together
Pulmonary Semilunar valve: Located between Right Ventricle and Pulmonary artery ; prevents the back flow of blood between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle
Aortic Semilunar valve: Located between Left Ventricle and Aorta ; prevents back flow of
Name and explain the function of the semilunar valves
Mitral/biscuspid: prevents backflow of blood between left atrium and left ventricle
Tricuspid: prevents backflow of blood between right atrium and right ventricle
Name and explain the function of the A-V valves
Mitral
Another name for the biscupid valve
Function of the pulmonary arteries
Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Superior Vena Cava
Carries blood from upper regions of the body to right atrium
Inferior Vena Cava
Carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium
Coronary arteries
Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
Conduction System
Electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate contraction and relaxation of heart
Pacemaker
SA Node
SA -> AV -> bundle of his -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
Path of the electrical activity of the heart _______
Purkinje fibers
Contraction of the ventricles is caused by the _______
Coronary artery disease
Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries.
Myocardial infarction
Another name for a heart attack
Angina pectoris
A heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart
Atherosclerosis
Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
Hypertension
Abnormally high blood pressure; ex: 140/90
Regular physical activity can help control blood lipid abnormalities, diabetes and obesity. Aerobic physical activity can also help reduce blood pressure; Heart becomes more "elastic," A poor and unhealthy diet of large amounts of fat, salt, and sugar red
Explain the benefit of proper nutrition and exercise in preventing cardiovascular disease.
At higher elevations, there are hypoxic conditions (oxygen deprivation). At certain high elevations, oxygen is scarce and this lack of oxygen can potentially cause brain damage or a loss of brain cells. Climbers want to return to lower elevations during s
Explain the rationale for mountain climbers' to continuously return to lower elevations before climbing into hypoxic conditions.
Plasmalemma
Aka. Plasma or cell membrane. Consists of a lipid bilayer, containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates ; hydrophilic phosphate heads, hydrophobic fatty acid tails ; Semi-permeable.
Skeletal muscle
Muscles that's striated, voluntary, multinucleated and attached to the skeleton