Regulatory protein that overlaps binding sites on actin for myosin and inhibits interaction in the relaxed state
tropomyosin
Binding of _______ moves tropomyosin away and allows myosin to interact with the actin
Ca2+
Sarcomere
Sarcomere shortened
-Z lines move closer
-H band shortens
-I band shortens
-A band unchanged (myosin)
Troponin (on actin) binding sites
myosin, tropomyosin, calcium
homologous to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in most cells - Ca2+ is stored and release following membrane excitation
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
enzyme that breaks down Ach
acetylcholinesterase
True/false: all NMJ are inhibitory
false - excitatory
increase in muscle tension from successive action potentials occurring during the phase of mechanical activity
summation
maintained contraction in response to repetitive stimulation - maximal tension is produced and increasing number of stimuli has no effect on tension production
tetanus
time between application of a stimulus and the beginning of a contraction in a muscle fiber
latent period
is it possible for a second AP to be initiated before complete relaxation in skeletal muscle?
yes
a springy protein that is responsible for the passive elastic properties of relaxed muscle fibers, links myosin to z-line
titiin
slow oxidative fibers
Type I fibers
fast oxidative fibers
Type IIa
fast glycolytic fibers
Type IIb
Diameter of type I muscle fibers
small
Diameter of type IIb muscle fibers
large
Which muscle fibers are recruited first?
type I
which muscle fiber has the highest resistance to fatigue?
type I
which muscle fiber fatigues the fastest?
type IIb
muscle fibers for aerobic activity
type I
muscle fibers for long-term anaerobic activity
type IIa
muscle fibers for short-term anaerobic activity
IIb
muscle fibers that produce the greatest amount of force
IIb
muscle fiber with highest myoglobin content
I
muscle fiber with highest mitochondrial content
I
what chromosome is affected in DMD?
X
protein involved in DMD
dystrophin
protein that connects the sacrolemma to the actin
dystrophin
autoimmune destruction of nicotinic Act receptor proteins of the motor end plate
myasthenia gravis
what muscle is single-nucleated?
cardiac, smooth
what muscle is multinucleated?
skeletal
smooth muscle does not have what protein?
troponin
what is cross-bridge cycling in smooth muscle regulated by?
myosin light chain kinase
True/false: input to smooth muscle can be inhibitory or excitatory
true
mildest form of injury. conduction block usually due to myelin dysfunction. axonal continuity conserved. nerve conduction is preserved proximal and distal to lesion. nerve fibers are not damaged. recovery will occur within 4/6 weeks.
neurapraxia
Axonotmesis
axonal damage, intact connective tissue coverings; wallerian degeneration occurs; muscle atrophy occurs; due to prolonged compression
complete severance of a nerve resulting in permanent loss of function
neurotmesis
what is the precursor of steroid hormones?
cholesterol
what is the precursor of amine hormones?
Tyrosine
what class of hormone is: dopamine?
amine
What class of hormone is aldosterone?
steroid
What class of hormone is cortisol?
steroid
what class of hormone is: testosterone?
steroid
what class of hormone is: thyroid?
amine
what class of hormone is: catecholamines (epi/norepi)?
amine
what class of hormone is: estrogen?
steroid
what class of hormone is: DHEA?
steroid
what 2 locations primarily produce steroid hormones?
gonads and adrenal cortex
lipid or water soluble: thyroid
lipid
lipid or water soluble: steroids
lipid
lipid or water soluble: catacholamines
water
lipid or water soluble: peptides
water
receptors inside or outside cell: catecholamines/peptides
outside
receptors inside or outside cell: steroids and thyroid
inside
hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone
tropic
the hypothalamus has control over what?
ant/post pitutiary
ant/post pituitary: vasopressin
posterior
ant/post pituitary: oxytocin
posterior
ant/post pituitary: GH
anterior
ant/post pituitary: LH + FSH
anterior
ant/post pituitary: TSH
anterior
ant/post pituitary: prolactin
anterior
ant/post pituitary: ACTH
anterior
inhibits secretion of prolactin
dopamine
simulates release of LH + FSH
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
inhibits secretion of GH
SS (somatostatin)
stimulates release of GH
GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)
stimulates secretion of TSH
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
stimulates secretion of ACTH
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
what is important in the diet for thyroid function?
iodine
hormones from the hypothalamus that regulate ant. pituitary gland function
hypophysiotropic hormones
t3
triiodothyronine
t4
thyroxine
hyperthyroidism alternate name
graves
hypothyroidism alternate name
hashimotos
what is the stress hormone?
cortisol
general term for when plasma levels of cortisol are chronically lower than normal
adrenal insufficiency
general term for when plasma levels of cortisol are chronically higher than normal
cushing's disease
main concerns for adrenal insufficiency
blood glucose + pressure control
primary adrenal insufficiency alternate name
addisons disease
Parathyroid hormone is critically important for _____ levels.
Ca2+
where are the 3 areas of ca2+ storage?
bone, intestines, kidneys
what are the 3 hormones that help regulate plasma ca2+ conc'?
calcitonin (minimal), vitamin D, PTH
condition in which bone mineralization is deficient - often from vitamin D deficiency
rickets/osteomalacia
Mullerian ducts
female
wolferian ducts
male
all estrogens are converted from androgens via.
aromatase
A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY
Klinefelter syndrome
transport urine from kidneys to bladder
ureters
carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
functional unit of the kidney
nephron
what is secreted when a drop in BP is detected?
renin
Renin converts _______ to _________.
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Angiotensionogen is secreted from?
liver
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by
ACE in the lungs
When this is secreted, there is increased sodium reabsorption, water follows, blood volume increases, and BP increases
aldosterone
where does the majority of reabsorption occur?
loop of henle, proximal tubule
reabsorption of Na2+ is
active
and cannot be reabsorbed in the ?
descending loop of henle
Ca2+ reabsorption is increased by
parathyroid hormone