What are the functions of the nervous system?
Communication with the endocrine system, maintains homeostasis, responds to external and internal stimuli, deals with the higher brain functions, and conducts chemical and electrical signals
Where is the central nervous system located?
In the dorsal body cavity
What are the functions of the central nervous system?
Coordinates motor activity in response to sensory data, and processes sensory information
What are the components of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Where is the peripheral nervous system located?
All neural tissue outside the central nervous system
What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?
Provides central nervous system with sensory information and carries out commands from central nervous system to the other organs
What happens in the afferent division?
Sensory information is brought into the central nervous system via the receptors
What type of sensory receptors are found in the afferent division?
Somatic and Visceral
What is the job of the somatic sensory receptors and what division are they in?
monitor skin, skeletal muscles and joints, afferent
What is the job of the visceral sensory receptors and what division are they in?
monitor internal tissue, afferent
What is the function of the efferent division?
motor information is sent to an effector
What systems are categorized under the efferent division?
Somatic(SNS) and Autonomic (visceral)
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
Controls the skeletal muscle contractions and may be voluntary or involuntary
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
It can be both
Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Controls cardiac and smooth muscle and glandular activity and is involuntary
What nervous systems are categorized under the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What type of response does the sympathetic nervous system have?
Fight or flight
What type of response does the parasympathetic nervous system have?
Calming and maintains body functions
If you were to be hit by a car what portion of the efferent division would be responsible for your reaction?
The sympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system
Path of a stimuus: Receptors---->
Afferent Neurons
Path of a stimulus: Afferent neurons---->
Central nervous system interneurons
Path of a stimuus: Central nervous system interneurons---->
Efferent neurons
Path of a stimulus: Efferent neurons---->
Effectors
What type of neurons are afferent?
Sensory
What type of neurons are efferent?
Motor
What is the job of the neuroglia?
support tissue of nervous system
Name the glial cells in the central nervous system.
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglial, and Ependymal
What is the function of the astrocytes?
serve as a buffer between neurons and surround the capillary
What system are astrocytes found in?
CNS
What is the function of the oligodendrocytes?
Link neurons together, regulate extracellular ion concentration, and speed up action potentials
What system are the oligodendrocytes found in?
CNS
What type of cells are microglials?
Phagocytic
What system are the microglials found in?
CNS
What is the function of the ependymals?
Produce csf
What system are the ependymals found in?
CNS
Name the types of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system.
Satellite cells, and schwann cells
What is the function of the satellite cells?
regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products
What system are satellite cells found in?
PNS
What is the function of schwann cells?
link neurons together, regulate extracellular ion concentration, and speed up action potentials
What type of cells are schwann cells like?
Oligodendrocytes
What system are the schwann cells found in?
PNS
Name the components of a neuron.
Cell body, Dendrites, Axon, and Synaptic terminals
What is the name for the cell body of the neuron?
Soma
What is the function of the dendrites of a neuron?
recieve information
What is the function of the axon of a neuron?
Send information
Name the different types of structural (physical) features on neurons.
Anaxonic, Bipolar, Pseudounipolar, and Multipolar
If a neuron is anaxonic what does that indicate and where is it found?
Theres no difference between the axon and dendrites, CNS and sensory organs only
If a neuron is bipolar what does that indicate and where is it found?
A number of fine dendrites fuse to form a single dendrite, cell body between single dendrite and single neuron
If a neuron is pseudounipolar what does that indicate and where is it found?
Theres continuous dendritic and axonal processes, cell body off to the side
If a neuron is multipolar what does that indicate and where is it most commonly found?
Has several dendrites and just one axon, in CNS
Name the general components of the functional classification of neurons.
Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, and Interneurons
What is the function of sensory neurons?
theyre found in the afferent division of the PNS and they bring information to the CNS
Where are sensory neurons found and what structural classification are they?
Found in cell bodies outside the CNS, Pseudounipolar
Name the types of sensory neurons.
Somatic and Visceral
Where are somatic sensory neurons found?
outside environment
Where are visceral sensory neurons found?
internal environment
Name the types of receptors found in sensory neurons.
Exteroreceptors, Proprioreceptors, and Interoreceptors
What is the function of exteroreceptors?
motiors the external environment i.e. touch, temperature, pressure, sight, smell, and hearing
What is the function of Proprioreceptors?
Monitors body position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
What is the function of interoreceptors?
monitors digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, deep pressure pain, and taste
What type of neuron are exteroreceptors found?
Sensory neurons
What type of neuron are proprioreceptors found?
Sensory neurons
What type of neuron are interoreceptors found?
Sensory neurons
Where are motor neurons found and what is theur function?
Efferent division of PNS, sends commands from CNS
Where are motor neurons found and what type of structural classification are they?
The cell bodies lie in the CNS or outside in specific regions called ganglions, Multipolar
Name the types of motor neurons.
Somatic motor neurons and Visceral motor neurons
What is the function of somatic motor neurons?
Innervate skeletal muscles at neuromuscular junction
Where are somatic motor neurons located?
Inside the CNS
What type of control do motor neurons provide?
Voluntary
What is the function of visceral motor neurons?
Innervates organs, glands, and smooth muscle
Where type of control do visceral motor neurons provide?
Involuntary
What two kinds of fibers do visceral motor neurons consist of?
pre ganglionic and post ganglionic
Where are interneurons located?
CNS between sensory and motor neurons
Which type of fucntional classification of neurons is the most abundant?
Interneurons
What are interneurons responsible for?
Analysis of sensory information
When an analysis of sensory information gets more complex, what does it require more of?
Interneurons
What are the two calssifications for interneurons?
Excitatory and inhibitory
Name the different types of patterns of interneuronal interaction.
Divergence, Convergence, Serial processing, Parallel processing, and Reverberation
What is the function of a divergence pattern of interneuronal interaction?
Spreads information from one neuron to several and permits broad distribution of a specific input
What is the function and layout of a convergence pattern of interneuronal interaction?
Several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron which allows for several different patters of sensory inputs to have the same effect i.e. contraction of diaphragm to be voluntary or involuntary
What is the function and layout of a serial processing pattern of interneuronal interaction?
Neurons aligned in a series, sensory information may be relayed from one processing center to the next
What is the function of a parallel processing pattern of interneuronal interaction?
Several neurons are processing the same information at one time which allows many different responses to occur at one time
When does reverberation occur?
When a neural circuit uses positive feedback to generate a greater response