Sarcolemma
like plasma membrane polarized; their is a potential voltage difference across the membrane and the inside is negative relative to the outer membrane face
Action Potential
electrical charge which occurs along the entire surface of the sarcolemma; 3 steps involved for this to occur
Generation of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma (1)
(local depolarization and generation of an end plate potential); Binding of ACh molecules to ACh receptors at neuromuscular junction opens (ligand) gated ion channels that allow Na+ and K+ to pass; More Na+ diffuses in then K+ diffuses out and interior of
Polarized
-70 (resting plasma potential)
Depolarized
30 (for action potential to occur)
Generation of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma (2)
(generation and propagation of the action potential); [neuron send AP through axon] end plate potential ignites AP that spreads in all directions from neuromuscular junction across sarcolemma; this depolarization (end plate potential) spreads to adjacent
Generation of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma (3)
(repolarization); sarcolemma is restored to intitial polarized state; Na+ channels close and voltage-gated K+ channels open; K+ efflux rapidly restores the resting polarity; Fiber cannot be stimulated and is in a refractory period until repolarization is
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Sequence of events that convert s action potentials in a muscle fiber to a contraction; Action potential travels across entire sarcolemma; occur during hidden (laten) period, between AP initiation and the beginning of mechanical activity (contraction); el
Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Step 1
action potential travels across entire sarcolemma and are rapidly conducted to interior of muscle fibers by transverse tubules
T Tubules
Regularly spaced infoldings of sarcolemma that branch extensively throughout the muscle fiber; At numerous junctions, make contact with calcium storing membranous network known as sarcoplasmic reticulum
Terminal Cisternae
formed by SR (On portion of t tubule and adjacent terminal cisternae); saclike bulges where it abuts t tubules
Excitation-Contraction Coupling (2)
traveling down of action potential causes t tubule voltage sensitive protein to change shape; opens a calcium release channel in SR allowing calcium ions to flee sarcplasm; this rapid influx of calcium triggers contraction of muscle fibers
Excitation-Contraction Coupling (3)
calcium binds to tropinin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin; when Ca2+ binds, troponin changes shape, exposing binding sites for myosin on the thin filaments
Excitation-Contraction Coupling (4)
contraction begins; myosin binding to actin forms cross bridges and contraction begins; at this point E-C coupling is over
Role of Calcium (Ca2+) in Contraction
At low intracellular Ca2+ concentration:
(Tropomyosin blocks the active sites on actin) (Myosin heads cannot attach to actin) (Muscle fiber relaxes)
At higher intracellular Ca2+ concentrations:
[Ca2+ binds to troponin ] [Troponin changes shape and moves t
Sacromere
Functional unit of contraction in skeletal muscle fiber; Shorten when myosin heads in thick myofilaments form cross bridges with actin molecules in thin myofilaments
Formation of Cross Bridge
Initaited when calcium ions released from SR bind to troponin (This causes tropinin to change shape); Tropomyosin moves away from myosin binding sites on actin allowing myosin head to bind actin and form a cross bridge; Myosin head has to be activated bef
Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 1
cross bridge formation:Activated myosin head binds to actin forming a cross bridge; Inorganic phospahte released; Bond between myosin and actin becomes stronger
Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 2
the power stroke: ADP released and activated myosin head pivotes; Slides thin myofilament toward center of sarcomere
Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 3
cross bridge detachment: Link between mysoin head and actin weakens when another ATP ataches to myosin head; Myosin head detaches
Cross Bridge Cycle: Step 4
reactivation of myosin head: ATP hydrolized to ADP and inorganic phospahte; Energy released during hydrolizes reactivates myosin head returning it to cocked postion
Muscle Tension
the force exerted by a containing muscle on an object
Load
the opposing force exerted on the muscle by the weight of the object to be moved
Isometric
if muscle tension develops but the load is not moved; increasing muscle tension is measured
Isotonic
if the muscle tension developed overcomes the load and muscle shortening occurs; amount of muscle shortening is measured
Motor Unit
the nerve-muscle functional unit; consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies; small motor units (more precise movement) [ex: fingers], larger motor units (less precise movement) [ex: hip muscles, bone]
Motor Nerve
served each muscle; each motor nerve contains axons of up to hundreds of motor neurons
Myogram
a graphic recording of contractile activity; line recording activity is called tracing
Muscle Twitch
response of a motor neuron to a single action potential of its motor neuron
Latent Period
the first few milliseconds following stimulation when excitation-contraction coupling is occuring; during this period, muscle tension is beggining to increase
Period of Contraction
cross bridges are active, from the onset to the peak of tension development, and the myogram tracing rises to a peak
Period of Relaxation
final phase, lasting 10-100ms, is initiated by reentry of Ca2+ into the SR; muscle tension decreases to zero and tracing returns to baseline
Graded Muscle Responses
muscle contraction can be graded in two ways: (1) by changing the frequency of stimulation and (2) by changing the strength of stimulation
Temporal/Wave Summation
if two identical stimuli (electrical shocks or nerve impulses) are delivered to muscle in rapid succession, the second twitch will be stronger then the first; temoral or wave summation is this second twitch; this occurs because second contraction occurs b
Unfused or Incomplete Tetanus
if the stimulus strength is held canstant and the muscle is stimulated at an increasingly faster rate, the relaxation time between the twitches become shorter and shorter, the concentration of Ca2+ in the cytosol higher and higher, and the degree of wave
Fused or Complete Tetanus
as the stimulation frequency continues to increase, muscle tension increases until a maximal tension is reached; at this point all evidence of muscle relaxation dissapears and the contractions fuse into a smooth, sustained contraction plateau
Recruitment (Multiple Motor Unit Summation)
controls force of contraction; achieved by delivering shocks of increasing voltage to the muscle, calling more and more muscle fibers to play
Subthreshold Stimulus
stimuli that produce no observable contractions
Threshold Stimulus
the stimulus at which the first observable contraction occurs
Maximal Stimulus
the strongest stimulus that produces increased contractile force; represent the point at which all the muscles motor units are recruited
Muscle Tone
relaxed muscles that are almost slightly contracted; its due to spinal reflexes that activate first one group of motor units then another in response to activation of stretch receptors in muscles
Isotonic Contractions
muscle length changes and moves the load, the tension remains relatively constant through the rest of the contractile period; come in two flavors concentric and eccentric
Concentric Contractions
those in which the muscle shortens and does work, such as picking up a book or kicking a ball;
Eccentric Contractions
the muscle generates force as it lengthens; are important for coordination and purposeful movements; occur in calf muscle for example; 50% more forceful then concentric
Isometric Contractions
tension may build to the muscles peak tension producing capacity, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens; occur when a muscle attempts to move a load that is greater then the force (tension) the muscle is able to develop
Direct Phosphorylation
ATP producing way; Metabolic Pathway; chemical reaction where CP (creatine phosphate) and ADP are used. Phosphate from CP is taken and put into ADP and turns to ATP; 1 to 1 ration; energy last for less then 10 seconds; does not require Oxygen;first stage
Anearobic Pathway (Glycolosis)
metabolic pathway without oxygen; produced 4 ATP; 10 step process; every step is a chemical reaction and changes everytime (10 times); 1st 5 steps are known as energy investment phase (they require energy) [2 ATPS to produce these 5 steps]; 2nd Stages kno
Glucose Anearobic Pathway
yields 2 ATPs; does not require oxygen; also yeilds 2 pyruvic acids
Glycogen Anearobic Pathway
used when their is not enought glucose; stored fat; Yields 3 ATPs because it has allready been partially hydrated; also yields 2 pyruvic acids
Lactic Acid
made if their is no oxygen present or work is more then you can breathe; pyruvic acid is transformed to lactic acid; made either way by glucose or glycogen; liver can use or send back to be formed to pyruvic
Aerobic Pathway
yields the most ATP with Oxygen; needs pyruvic acid to be shuttled from mitochondria (it is shuttled from Anearobic Pathway when 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvic acids); Pyruvic acid is transformed to Acetylcoa (happens in cytoplasm of cell); Krebs cycle produces 32 A
Aerobic Endurance
the length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways
Anaerobic Threshold
the point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis
Muscle Fatigue
the state of physiological inability to contract even though the muscle still may be receiving stimuli; due to a problem in excitation-contraction coupling or, in rare cases, problems at the neuromuscular junction
Contractures
lack in ATP; states of continuous contraction because the cross bridges are unable to detach
Oxygen Deficit
the extra amount of oxygen that the body must take in for these restorative processes