Energy located in the bonds of food molecules
Form of potential energy
Can be transformed to the bonds of ATP
Heat
Thermal Energy
Kinetic Energy
Molecular Movement
Infrared Radiation
Whenever energy is transformed...
The amount of useful energy decreases
Some energy is lost as heat
Chemical Energy
Breaking the bonds of ATP molecules to energize your muscle cells to make a fist
Electrical Energy
Vision
Mechanical Energy
Chewing Food
Bending your fingers to make a fist
Radiant Energy
Lying under a sunlamp
Vision
Ion
Electrically charged atom or group of atoms
Matter
Anything that takes up sace and has mass (weight)
Element
A unique substance composed of atoms having the same atomic number
Electrons
Negatively charged particles, forming pass of an atom
Subatomic particles that determine an atom's chemical behavior or bonding ability
Location: Orbitals, Mass: 0
Energy
Ability to do work
Atom
Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element
Molecule
Smallest particle of a compound, formed when atoms chemically combine
Protons
Positively charged particles forming part of an atom
Subatomic particles responsible for most of an atom's mass
Location: Nucleus, Mass: 1
Valence
Name given to electron shell that contains hte most reactive electrons
Neutrons
Neutrally charged particles forming part of an atom
Subatomic particles responsible for most of an atom's mass
Location: Nucleus, Mass: 1
What are needed for nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses?
Na+ and K+
What does the atomic number reveal?
The number of protons (and electrons)
If an electron is far from nucleus, does it have more or less energy?
More
Where are electrons located?
Designated areas of space around the nucleus called orbitals
Radioactive
An unstable atom that decomposes and emits energy
What is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells?
Iron
What is the most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid?
Chloride
What is the most essential element for the production of thyroid hormones?
Iodine
What is found as a salt in bones/teeth?
Calcium
Decomposition
XY-> X + Y
Exchange (Double Replacement)
AB + CD -> AD + CB
Synthesis
A + B -> AB
Polar Covalent Compound
Stable compound that does not break down into its elements easily under normal circumstances and does not react with many other substances
Ionic Bond
Bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Covalent Bond
Bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
Substances that ionize in water; good electrolytes
Salts
Acids
Bases
Proton (H+) Acceptor
Bases
Ionize in water to release Hydrogen ions and a negative ion other than OH-
Acids
Ionize in water to release ions other than H+ and OH-
Salts
Formed when an acid and a base are combined
Buffers
Substances such as lemon juice and vinegar
Acids
Prevents rapid/large swings in pH
Buffers
Acids
Ionize in water to release Hydrogen ions and a negative ion other than OH-
Substances such as lemon juice and vinegar
Substances that ionize in water; good electrolytes
Bases
Substances that ionize in water; good electrolytes
Proton (H+) Acceptor
Buffers
Formed when an acid and a base are combined
Prevents rapid/large swings in pH
Salts
Ionize in water to release ions other than H+ and OH-
Substances that ionize in water; good electrolytes
Heat Capacity
Water has high heat capacity, able to maintain relatively constant temperature and prevent sudden changes
Biochemical Reactions must occur in
Water
What % of volume of a living cell is water?
66%
What are water molecules bonded to other water molecules?
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds
Dehydration
Process of extracting moisture
Why is water an excellent solvent?
Polarity
Polarity
Property of a molecule with oppositely charged ends- because of it, water is able to dissolve many different substances
Weak Acid Traits
Ionize incompletely in water
Ionize at high pH
Act as part of buffer system
Strong Acid Traits
Ionize completely in water
When placed in water, always act to change the pH
Ionize at low pH- 7 or lower
Organic Compounds
Carbon-based molecules: Fats, Proteins, Glucose, DNA
Amino Acids
Building blocks of protein, contain N in addition to C, H, and O
Carbohydrates
Single most important fuel source for body cells
Contain C, H, and O in ratio CH2O
Primary components of bread and lollipops
Lipids (Fats)
Not soluble in water
Contain C, H, small amounts of O
Used to insulate body and found in all cell membranes
Usually includes cholesterol
Fatty Acids
Building blocks of fats (lipids)
Glycerol
Partially building blocks of fat
Nucleotides
Building blocks of nucleic acids contain N in addition to C, H, and O + P
Monosaccharides
Single most important fuel source for body cells
Building blocks of carbohydrates
Contain C, H, O in ratio CH2O
Proteins
Makes up cellular cytoplasm
Primary components of meat and cheese
Include collagen and hemoglobin
A Steroid
Cholesterol
Fibrous (Structural) Proteins
Collagen, Kertain
Globular (Functional) Proteins
Enzymes, Hemoglobin, some Hormones
Biological Catalyst
Enzyme
Plant Storage Carbohydrate
Starch
Animal Storage Carbohydrate
Glycogen
Stuff" of Genes
DNA
Double Sugars (Disaccharides)
Lactose, Maltose
Nucleic Acid Bases in DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cystosine
DNA Relations
Phosphate, DNA, Deoxyribose
Carbohydrates
Galactose, Fructose, Glucose
Protein Relations
Protein, Amino Acid, Polypeptide
Disaccharides
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose (NOT GLUCOSE)
Are Phospholipids polarized molecules?
Yes
What is the major form in which body fat is stored?
Fats
What is the most abundant compound in the body?
Water
What molecules are generally soluble in water?
Polar
What are the bases of RNA?
ACGU
What is the universal energy currency of living cells?
ATP
How many strands does RNA have?
1
How many strands does DNA have?
2
What are the 4 main elements?
C H N O
Hydrolysis is A.K.A...
Chemical digestion of polymers
R group
May differentiate amino acid monomers