Anatomy
The study of the shape and structure of body parts.
Physiology
The branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work or function.
cells
The smallest units of all living things.
Tissues
Consist of groups of similair cells that have a common function.
Organ
A structure, composed of two or more tissue types , that performs a specific function for the body.
Organ system
A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose.
Organism
11 organ systems make up the living body or..
Integumentary System
Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage. The external covering of the body,or the skin. It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. Ex. Is damaged when you cut your finer or get a severe sunbu
Skeletal System
Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act. It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
Muscular system
Moves the limbs: allows facial expression. The skeletal muscles. Only one function to contract or shorten. Movement occurs. You are able to move.
Nervous system
The bodys fast acting control system. It consists of the brain,spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.
Endocrine system
Controls bodys activities with chemicals called harmones. Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland.
Cardiovascular system
The primary organs include the heart and blood vessels. Also delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues.
Lymphatic system
Protects the body:destroys bacteria and tumor cells. Is complementary to that of the Cardiovascular system.
Respiratory System
The jobs of this system are to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide.
Digestive system
Basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus.Breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed.
Urinary system
Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body. Conserves body water or eliminates excesses.
Reproductive system
Exists primarly to produce offspring. Provides for conception and childbearing.
Cardiovascular
Blood vessels,heart
Endocrine
Pancreas,pituitary,adrenal glands
Urinary
Kidneys,bladder,ureters
Reproductive
Testis, vas deferens, Urethra
Digestive
Esophagus, large intestine, rectum
Skeletal
Breastbone, vertebral column, skull
Nervous
Brain,nerves,sensory receptors
Homeostasis
The tendency of the body's systems to maintain a relatively constant or balanced internal environment.
Metabolism
The term that indicates all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Chemicals,Cells,tissues,organs,organ system,organism
levels of structural organization
Maintenance of boundaries
Keeps the body's internal environment distinct from the external environment.
Reproduction
Provides new cells for growth and repair.
Growth
Occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities.
Digestion
The tuna sandwich yo have just eaten is broken down to its chemical building blocks.
Excretion
Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys .
Responsiveness
Ability to react to stimuli,a major role of the nervous system.
Movement
Walking,throwing a ball,riding a bicycle.
Metabolism
All chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Maintenance of boundaries
At the cellular level,membranes: for the whole organism, the skin.
Physically moving , transporting substances through body.
Movement-2 ways
Cellular level, organismal level
Maintaining boundaries - 2 ways
Voluntary/involuntary reactions.
Reactions to responsiveness
Catabolism
The breakdown of large molecules into small molecules.
Anabolism
The combination of small molecules into large molecules.
Offspring , Cell mitosis/meiosis
Reproduction - 2 kinds
Growth- 2 ways
Increase in size and number of cells, Get nutrients from diet
Nutrients
Includes carbohydrates,proteins,fats, and minerals.
Oxygen/ atmospheric pressure
Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing.
Water
Single substance accounting for over 60% of body weight.
Appropriate body temperature/ oxygen
Required for the release of energy from foodstuffs
Water
Provides the basis of body fluids of all types
Appropriate body temperature
When too high or too low,physiological activities cease,primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional.
Control center,receptor,and effector.
There are thee essential components of all homeostatic control mechanisms:
Receptor,Control center,afferent
The ________ senses changes in the environment and responds by sending information to the ___________ along the ________pathway.
Control center,effector,efferent
The ________ analyzes the input, determines the appropriate response ,and activates the _________ by sending information along the ________ pathway.
Negative
When the response causes the initial stimulus to decline the homeostatic mechanism is referred to as a _____________ feedback mechanism.
Positive
When the response enhances the initial stimulus, the mechanism is called a _________ feedback mechanism.
Negative
________ feedback mechanisms are much more common in the body.
Positive feedback
Enhancing the reaction at a faster rate.
Negative feedback
Depress the reaction or shut off.
Positive
-blood clotting -birth
negative
blood pressure
Homeostatic imbalance or disease results.
If homeostasis is imbalanced than..
Ventral
The abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities are subdivisions of the _________ cavity.
Dorsal
The cranial and spinal cavities are parts of the _________ body cavity.
dorsal
The ______ body cavity is totally surrounded by bone and provides very good protection to the structures it contains.
Axillary
armpit
Femoral
Thigh region
Gluteal
Buttock area
Cervical
Neck region
Umbilical
belly button area
Pubic
Genital area
Antecubital
Anterior aspect of elbow
Occipital
Posterior aspect of head
Inguinal
Area where trunk meets thigh
Lumbar
Back area from ribs to hips
Abdominopelvic
Stomach,small intestine,large intestine,Spllen,liver,bladder,rectum,ovaries.
Cranial
Pituitary gland
spinal
spinal cord
Thoracic
Trachea , lungs
ventral
Toward the belly (front)
Dorsal
Toward the back
Superior
Toward the top of the head/body
Lateral
Away from the middle
Medial
Toward the middle
inferior
towards the bottom