Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

Smallest stable unit of matter:

Atoms

Atoms are composed of:

subatomic particles

Atomic particle with a positive electrical charge

Protons

Atomic particle with a negative electrical charge

Electrons

Neutral atomic particle

Neutron

The number of protons in an atom is known as its

atomic number

An Element is:

a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind; it has uniform composition and properties

Isotopes

Atomso f the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

Mass Number

total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

Ratio of Electrons to Protons

Equal

Radioactive isotopes are:

unstable isotopes that emit radiation as their nuclei decay into a stable configuration.

Atomic number =

number of protons

The first energy level can hold, at most:

2 electrons

The second energy level can hold, at most:

8 electrons

Surface of the atom is:

the outermost energy level

Valence Shell

the outermost shell or energy level

Activation Energy

the energy needed to initiate the reaction

Enzyme

Catalist - speeds up reaction time

A+B = AB

Synthesis or Anabolic Reations

AB = A+B

Catabolic Reaction

A free radical is:

an electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

Ions

atoms or molecules that carry an electic charge, either positive or negative.

Cations

ions with a positive charge

Anions

ions with a negative charge

Ionic Bonds

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.

Covalent Bonds are:

Bonds between atoms that SHARE electrons with each other

Sharing one PAIR of electons creates:

single covalent bond

Sharing two PAIRS of electrons creates:

double covalent bond

Nonpolar covalent bonds have

equal sharing of the electrons

Polar covalent bonds:

Unequal sharing of the electons occurs because the elements differ in how strongly they attract electrons.

All of the reactions in the cells of the body at any given moment constitute:

Metabolism

Kinetic Energy:

Energy of motion. Energy that can be transferred to another object and perform work.

Potential Energy:

Stored energy. Energy that has the potential to do work.

Organic Compounds

Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).

Where is water usually found in the body?

Inside the cell, blood vessels, plasma, brain, joints, extracellular fluid (ECF)

Solute:

Substances dispersed in a solvent.

Solvent:

The medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are dispersed.

pH:

Hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

A solution with a pH of _ is said to be _______.

7; neutral

A solution with a pH below _ is said to be ____________.

7; acidic

a pH above _ is __________, and contains more _________ than __________.

7; basic; hydroxide ions; hydrogen ions.

CHO is a ________ and CHON is a _______.

Carbohydrate or Lipid; Protein

Monosaccharide:

Simple sugar - carbohydrate containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

The atoms in a glucose molcule mya form either a ______ ______ or a _____.

straight chain; ring

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined together. (ex: sucrose)

Polysacharide

Complex carbohydrates with repeated dehydration synthesis reactions creating large molecules.

The Polysaccharide found in plants is:

starch

Steroid (definition and examples):

Ring fatty acid. Cholesterol, Testosterone and Estrogen.

Amylase is:

an enzyme found in saliva. It breaks down starch.

Sucrase is:

An enzyme that breaks down sucrose.

Nonpolar elements can:

travel through the cell membrane

What element can travel through the cell membrane due to its small size?

Water

Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of:

1 to 2

Lipids form _________ _________ _________ of all cells.

essential structural components

Important energy reserves in the cell are?

Lipids

Lipids provide roughly _________ as much energy as ___________.

Twice; Carbohydrates

Fatty Acids are:

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached.

Fatty acids have __________ solubility in water due to ___________________.

Limited; their hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail.

In a saturated fatty acid:

each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds.

In an unsaturated fatty acid:

one or more of the single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain:

multiple double covalent bonds.

Hydrogen Bonds are _____ bonds.

weak

Hyrophilic compounds are:

Polar compounds that dissolve well in water.

Hydrophobic compounds are:

Nonpolar compounds that do not dissolve well in water.

Cohesion =

the tendency of like particles to stay together.

Law of conservative energy is:

energy is not created nor destroyed.

4 types of chemical reactions:

synthesis (anabolism); decompostion (catabolism); exchange; reversible

________ systems maintain the pH in your body.

Buffer

R-OH =

Hydroxyl (Alcohols; carbohydrates)

R-NH2 or RNH3+ =

Amine (amino acids)

R-COOH or R-COO- =

Amino Acids, fatty acids

R-H2PO4 =

Phosphate (ATP; nucleic acids; phospholipids)

R-C=O or R =

Carbonyl (Ketone, aldehydes; carbohydrates)

Components of a protein are:

C, H, O, N

What are the two functional protein groups?

Amine group and carboxyl group

Types of proteins are:

Antibodies, enzymes, hormones

________ are the most abundant organic component of the human body.

Proteins

The 7 essential functions of proteins are:

Support; Movement; Transport; Buffering; Metabolic Regulation; Coordination and Control; Defense

The 5 components of amino acids are:

1) central carbon atom; 2) hydrogen atom; 3) amino group (-NH2); 4) carboxylic acid group (-COOH); 5) variable group (R group or side chain)

Amino Acids are:

Long protein chains made up of organic molecules.

A peptide bond is:

a covalent bond between the crboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

Peptides are:

Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

The 4 protein structures are:

Primary structure; Secondary Structure; Tertiary Structure; Quaternary Structure

Primary Structure of proteins is:

the sequence of amino acids along the length of a single polypeptide.

Secondary structure of proteins is:

bonds between atoms at different parts of the plypeptide chain. Creates either an alpha-helix or a flat pleated sheet.

Tertiary Structure of proteins is:

complex coiling and folding to give a 3-dimensional shape.

Quaternary Structure of protein is:

the arrangement of two or more plypeptide chains.

Enzymes are:

proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions

Active site=

the part of the enzyme that fits the substrate.

The five Nitrogenous bases in Nucleic Acids are:

Adenine; thymine; guanine; gytosine; uracil

ATP=

Adenosine Triphosphate - Energy of living things. Currency of the cell.

Smallest stable unit of matter:

Atoms

Atoms are composed of:

subatomic particles

Atomic particle with a positive electrical charge

Protons

Atomic particle with a negative electrical charge

Electrons

Neutral atomic particle

Neutron

The number of protons in an atom is known as its

atomic number

An Element is:

a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind; it has uniform composition and properties

Isotopes

Atomso f the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

Mass Number

total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

Ratio of Electrons to Protons

Equal

Radioactive isotopes are:

unstable isotopes that emit radiation as their nuclei decay into a stable configuration.

Atomic number =

number of protons

The first energy level can hold, at most:

2 electrons

The second energy level can hold, at most:

8 electrons

Surface of the atom is:

the outermost energy level

Valence Shell

the outermost shell or energy level

Activation Energy

the energy needed to initiate the reaction

Enzyme

Catalist - speeds up reaction time

A+B = AB

Synthesis or Anabolic Reations

AB = A+B

Catabolic Reaction

A free radical is:

an electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

Ions

atoms or molecules that carry an electic charge, either positive or negative.

Cations

ions with a positive charge

Anions

ions with a negative charge

Ionic Bonds

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.

Covalent Bonds are:

Bonds between atoms that SHARE electrons with each other

Sharing one PAIR of electons creates:

single covalent bond

Sharing two PAIRS of electrons creates:

double covalent bond

Nonpolar covalent bonds have

equal sharing of the electrons

Polar covalent bonds:

Unequal sharing of the electons occurs because the elements differ in how strongly they attract electrons.

All of the reactions in the cells of the body at any given moment constitute:

Metabolism

Kinetic Energy:

Energy of motion. Energy that can be transferred to another object and perform work.

Potential Energy:

Stored energy. Energy that has the potential to do work.

Organic Compounds

Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).

Where is water usually found in the body?

Inside the cell, blood vessels, plasma, brain, joints, extracellular fluid (ECF)

Solute:

Substances dispersed in a solvent.

Solvent:

The medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are dispersed.

pH:

Hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

A solution with a pH of _ is said to be _______.

7; neutral

A solution with a pH below _ is said to be ____________.

7; acidic

a pH above _ is __________, and contains more _________ than __________.

7; basic; hydroxide ions; hydrogen ions.

CHO is a ________ and CHON is a _______.

Carbohydrate or Lipid; Protein

Monosaccharide:

Simple sugar - carbohydrate containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

The atoms in a glucose molcule mya form either a ______ ______ or a _____.

straight chain; ring

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined together. (ex: sucrose)

Polysacharide

Complex carbohydrates with repeated dehydration synthesis reactions creating large molecules.

The Polysaccharide found in plants is:

starch

Steroid (definition and examples):

Ring fatty acid. Cholesterol, Testosterone and Estrogen.

Amylase is:

an enzyme found in saliva. It breaks down starch.

Sucrase is:

An enzyme that breaks down sucrose.

Nonpolar elements can:

travel through the cell membrane

What element can travel through the cell membrane due to its small size?

Water

Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of:

1 to 2

Lipids form _________ _________ _________ of all cells.

essential structural components

Important energy reserves in the cell are?

Lipids

Lipids provide roughly _________ as much energy as ___________.

Twice; Carbohydrates

Fatty Acids are:

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached.

Fatty acids have __________ solubility in water due to ___________________.

Limited; their hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail.

In a saturated fatty acid:

each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds.

In an unsaturated fatty acid:

one or more of the single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms has been replaced by a double covalent bond.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain:

multiple double covalent bonds.

Hydrogen Bonds are _____ bonds.

weak

Hyrophilic compounds are:

Polar compounds that dissolve well in water.

Hydrophobic compounds are:

Nonpolar compounds that do not dissolve well in water.

Cohesion =

the tendency of like particles to stay together.

Law of conservative energy is:

energy is not created nor destroyed.

4 types of chemical reactions:

synthesis (anabolism); decompostion (catabolism); exchange; reversible

________ systems maintain the pH in your body.

Buffer

R-OH =

Hydroxyl (Alcohols; carbohydrates)

R-NH2 or RNH3+ =

Amine (amino acids)

R-COOH or R-COO- =

Amino Acids, fatty acids

R-H2PO4 =

Phosphate (ATP; nucleic acids; phospholipids)

R-C=O or R =

Carbonyl (Ketone, aldehydes; carbohydrates)

Components of a protein are:

C, H, O, N

What are the two functional protein groups?

Amine group and carboxyl group

Types of proteins are:

Antibodies, enzymes, hormones

________ are the most abundant organic component of the human body.

Proteins

The 7 essential functions of proteins are:

Support; Movement; Transport; Buffering; Metabolic Regulation; Coordination and Control; Defense

The 5 components of amino acids are:

1) central carbon atom; 2) hydrogen atom; 3) amino group (-NH2); 4) carboxylic acid group (-COOH); 5) variable group (R group or side chain)

Amino Acids are:

Long protein chains made up of organic molecules.

A peptide bond is:

a covalent bond between the crboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

Peptides are:

Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

The 4 protein structures are:

Primary structure; Secondary Structure; Tertiary Structure; Quaternary Structure

Primary Structure of proteins is:

the sequence of amino acids along the length of a single polypeptide.

Secondary structure of proteins is:

bonds between atoms at different parts of the plypeptide chain. Creates either an alpha-helix or a flat pleated sheet.

Tertiary Structure of proteins is:

complex coiling and folding to give a 3-dimensional shape.

Quaternary Structure of protein is:

the arrangement of two or more plypeptide chains.

Enzymes are:

proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions

Active site=

the part of the enzyme that fits the substrate.

The five Nitrogenous bases in Nucleic Acids are:

Adenine; thymine; guanine; gytosine; uracil

ATP=

Adenosine Triphosphate - Energy of living things. Currency of the cell.