Pathophysiology Quiz 1 Chapter 1

Primary prevention:

Actions aimed at prevention of disease (Chlorination and fluoridation of water, sunscreen, helmet, nutritious diet, taking vitamins, washing of hands.)

Secondary prevention:

Actions aimed at early detection and prompt treatment of disease. Papanicolaou smear, mammogram, physical

Tertiary prevention:

Treatment and rehabilitation measures aimed at preventing further progress of the disease. (Chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, blood transfusion)

Etiology

the cause of disease.

Congenital conditions

are defects present at birth (Genetic influences environmental factors viral infection of mother, maternal drug use, irradiation, intrauterine crowding)

Acquired defects

are those that are caused by events that occur after birth. (Injury, Exposure to infectious agents (Inadequate nutrition Lack of oxygen Inappropriate immune responses Neoplasia)

Etiological Agents

Biological agents (Bacteria and Viruses Physical forces Trauma, burns, radiation Chemical agents Poison, alcohol, Nutritional excesses or deficits, Obesity, anorexia)

Risk Factors

are multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease.

Diagnosis

Is the designation as to the nature or cause or a health problem.

Clinical manifestations

Signs and Symptoms

Sign

is a manifestation that is noted by an observer. (An elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, and changes in pupil size)

Symptoms

is a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder (Pain, difficulty breathing, and dizziness)

Syndrome

is a compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state

Complications

are possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment

Sequelae

are lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.

Clinical Course

Discribes the evolution of a disease (acute, sub acute, and chronic)

Acute

a disorder that is relatively severe but self limiting

Subacute

intermediate or between acute and chronic

Chronic course

implies a continuous long term process

Pathophysiology

the physiology of altered health

Pathology

deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.

Physiology

deals with the functions of the human body

What is the order of the disease process?

Etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical manifestations, and prognosis.

Pathogenesis

is the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease. HOW THE DISEASE PROCESS EVOLVES

Morphology

refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissue

Morphological changes

refers to the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease.

Lesion

a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue

Clinical manifestation

the way a disease manifest itself.

epidemiology

the study of disease occurrence in human populations

Validity

the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure

Reliability

refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same results.

Sensitivity

refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation

Specificity

refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation

Predictive value

is the extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition

Incidence

reflects the number or new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time

Prevalence

is a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time

Morbidity

functional effects of a disease on the body

Mortality

death producing effect of a disease (death rate)

Natural characteristics

refers to the progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention.

State the World Health Organization definition of health

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.