Primary prevention:
Actions aimed at prevention of disease (Chlorination and fluoridation of water, sunscreen, helmet, nutritious diet, taking vitamins, washing of hands.)
Secondary prevention:
Actions aimed at early detection and prompt treatment of disease. Papanicolaou smear, mammogram, physical
Tertiary prevention:
Treatment and rehabilitation measures aimed at preventing further progress of the disease. (Chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, blood transfusion)
Etiology
the cause of disease.
Congenital conditions
are defects present at birth (Genetic influences environmental factors viral infection of mother, maternal drug use, irradiation, intrauterine crowding)
Acquired defects
are those that are caused by events that occur after birth. (Injury, Exposure to infectious agents (Inadequate nutrition Lack of oxygen Inappropriate immune responses Neoplasia)
Etiological Agents
Biological agents (Bacteria and Viruses Physical forces Trauma, burns, radiation Chemical agents Poison, alcohol, Nutritional excesses or deficits, Obesity, anorexia)
Risk Factors
are multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease.
Diagnosis
Is the designation as to the nature or cause or a health problem.
Clinical manifestations
Signs and Symptoms
Sign
is a manifestation that is noted by an observer. (An elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, and changes in pupil size)
Symptoms
is a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder (Pain, difficulty breathing, and dizziness)
Syndrome
is a compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state
Complications
are possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment
Sequelae
are lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.
Clinical Course
Discribes the evolution of a disease (acute, sub acute, and chronic)
Acute
a disorder that is relatively severe but self limiting
Subacute
intermediate or between acute and chronic
Chronic course
implies a continuous long term process
Pathophysiology
the physiology of altered health
Pathology
deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.
Physiology
deals with the functions of the human body
What is the order of the disease process?
Etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical manifestations, and prognosis.
Pathogenesis
is the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease. HOW THE DISEASE PROCESS EVOLVES
Morphology
refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissue
Morphological changes
refers to the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease.
Lesion
a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue
Clinical manifestation
the way a disease manifest itself.
epidemiology
the study of disease occurrence in human populations
Validity
the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
Reliability
refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same results.
Sensitivity
refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation
Specificity
refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation
Predictive value
is the extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
Incidence
reflects the number or new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
Prevalence
is a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
Morbidity
functional effects of a disease on the body
Mortality
death producing effect of a disease (death rate)
Natural characteristics
refers to the progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention.
State the World Health Organization definition of health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.