Minerals
inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms
radioactivity
process of decay
radioisotopes
unstable isotopes
ions
charged particles with unequal # of protons and electrons
anion
particle that gains electrons
cation
particles that loses electron
electrolytes
salts that ionoze in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
free radicals
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
antioxidant
chemical that neutralizes free radicals
isomers
molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms
ionic bond
attraction of an anion with a cation
covalent bond
sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nucleii
single covalent bond
sharing of one electron pair
double covalent bond
sharing of two electron pairs.
(often between carbons atoms / carbon and oxygen / carbon and nitrogen)
nonpolar covalent bond
cov bond in which electrons are equally attracted to both nucleii
- strongest type of chemical bond
polar covalent
covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than the other.
- resulting in slightly positive and negative regions in one molecule
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule.
-easily destructed by temperature and pH changes
Van der Waals force
weak; brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms
- weakest of all bonds
hydrophilic
a type of substance that dissolves in water (i.e. sugar)
hydrophobic
a type of substance that does not dissolve in water ( i.e. fats)
solution
made up of a solute and a solvent
- exists in a three states of matter
colloids
mixtures of mainly protein and water
suspension
mixtures mostly found in blood cells.
mostly separated
Molarity
number of moles of solute per liter of solution
acid
any proton donor
a molecule that releases a proton(H+) in water
base (alkaline)
proton (H+) acceptor
mostly substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-)
pH
#NAME?
buffers
chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
energy
capacity to do work
chemical reaction
where ionic or covalent bond is formed or broken
law of mass action
says that reversible reactions proceed form the side with greater quantity of reactants to the side of lesser.
metabolism
chemical reactions in the body
catabolism
consisting of energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions
anabolism
consisting of energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
oxidation
chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
oxidation agent
electron acceptor
reduction
chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
reducing agent
electron donor
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
hydrolysis
a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water
carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
hydrophylic organic molecule
3 simple sugars
glucose, fructose, galactose
Hydroxyl
OH
Methyl
CH3
Carboxyl
COOH
Amino
NH2
Phosphate
H2PO4
Carbohydrates
organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch
Lipids
energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Fatty Acid
A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.
Phospholipid
any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base
Steroids
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
Proteins
contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids.