cartilage
firm, flexible, tissue; contains no blood vessels or nerves and just one kind of cell (chondrocytes); matrix contains up to 80% of water; water make up most of it
types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage
impamorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
function of hyaline
supports and reinforces; resilient cushion; resists compressive stress
location of hyaline
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
function of elastic cartilage
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
location of elastic cartilage
supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
fibrocartilage
matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
function of fibrocartilage
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
location of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
bone tissue
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized
function of bone tissue
bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
location of bone tissue
bones
blood tissue
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
function of blood tissue
transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
location of blood tissue
contained within blood vessels
covering and lining membranes
combines epithelial and connective tissues; covers broad areas within the body; consists of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue
the types of covering and lining membranes
1) cutaneous membrane , 2) mucous membrane , 3) serous membranes
cutaneous membrane
the skin
mucous membrane
lines hollow organ that opens to surface of the body
serous membranes
also known as the slippery membrane; simple squamous epithelial underlying an areolar connective tissue; lines closed cavities; pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities
types of muscle tissues
1) skeletal, 2) cardiac, 3) smooth
skeletal muscle tissue
long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations
function of skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary movement locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control
location of the skeletal muscle tissue
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
cardiac muscle tissue
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
functions of cardiac muscle tissue
as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control
location of cardiac muscle tissue
the walls of the heart
smooth muscle tissue
spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
function of smooth muscle tissue
propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control
location of smooth muscle tissue
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
nervous tissue
neurons are branching cells; cell processes, axon and dendrites, extend from the nucleus-containing cell body' also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirratable supporting cells
function of nervous tissue
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) that control their activity
location of nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
tissue response to injury
inflammatory and immune responses, then repair
inflammatory response
a response to tissue injury and infection; it is localized to the connective tissue and vessels of the injury site; inflammatory response begins with dilation of blood vessels (causing redness and heat), followed by edema (causing swelling and pain)
immune response
takes longer to develop and very safe; destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection
repair
may involve tissue regeneration (replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue) and fibrosis (proliferation of scar tissue)
capacity of regeneration
good - epithelial tissue, connective bone tissue, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood forming tissue; moderate - smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue; weak - skeletal cartilage; not at all - cardiac muscle tis
hormones
messenger molecules produced by endocrine glands
axoneme
a set of microtubules