Cartilage, Bone, Muscle, & Nervous Tissues

cartilage

firm, flexible, tissue; contains no blood vessels or nerves and just one kind of cell (chondrocytes); matrix contains up to 80% of water; water make up most of it

types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

impamorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

function of hyaline

supports and reinforces; resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

location of hyaline

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

elastic cartilage

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

function of elastic cartilage

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

location of elastic cartilage

supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis

fibrocartilage

matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

function of fibrocartilage

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

location of fibrocartilage

intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

bone tissue

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized

function of bone tissue

bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

location of bone tissue

bones

blood tissue

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

function of blood tissue

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances

location of blood tissue

contained within blood vessels

covering and lining membranes

combines epithelial and connective tissues; covers broad areas within the body; consists of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue

the types of covering and lining membranes

1) cutaneous membrane , 2) mucous membrane , 3) serous membranes

cutaneous membrane

the skin

mucous membrane

lines hollow organ that opens to surface of the body

serous membranes

also known as the slippery membrane; simple squamous epithelial underlying an areolar connective tissue; lines closed cavities; pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

types of muscle tissues

1) skeletal, 2) cardiac, 3) smooth

skeletal muscle tissue

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations

function of skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary movement locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control

location of the skeletal muscle tissue

in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

cardiac muscle tissue

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)

functions of cardiac muscle tissue

as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control

location of cardiac muscle tissue

the walls of the heart

smooth muscle tissue

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

function of smooth muscle tissue

propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control

location of smooth muscle tissue

mostly in the walls of hollow organs

nervous tissue

neurons are branching cells; cell processes, axon and dendrites, extend from the nucleus-containing cell body' also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirratable supporting cells

function of nervous tissue

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) that control their activity

location of nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

tissue response to injury

inflammatory and immune responses, then repair

inflammatory response

a response to tissue injury and infection; it is localized to the connective tissue and vessels of the injury site; inflammatory response begins with dilation of blood vessels (causing redness and heat), followed by edema (causing swelling and pain)

immune response

takes longer to develop and very safe; destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection

repair

may involve tissue regeneration (replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue) and fibrosis (proliferation of scar tissue)

capacity of regeneration

good - epithelial tissue, connective bone tissue, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood forming tissue; moderate - smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue; weak - skeletal cartilage; not at all - cardiac muscle tis

hormones

messenger molecules produced by endocrine glands

axoneme

a set of microtubules