What are the functions of blood and the circulatory system?
Transportation- O2 from lungs to body, CO2 from body to lungs, nutrients from digestive tract to body. Protection- from microorganisms, cancer cells, toxins, excessive blood loss
Regulation- fluid balance/distribution, PH of extracellular fluids and temp.
general characteristics of blood
volume 5L avg, PH levels 7.35-7.45.
Describe the components of blood, including the functions of each component
Plasma- contains proteins that help blood to clot, transport substances through the blood
Formed elements- erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport O2 & CO2 in the blood,Leukocytes (white blood cells) destroy bacteria, Platelets- helps blood clot.
Describe the composition of blood plasma and provide functions for each component, including the three major types of plasma proteins.
Water- the solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved.
Plasma Proteins- Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen: serve to buffer pH changes.
Electrolytes- maintains
Nutrients- energy source
Respiratory gases- O2 needed
What are the formed elements of blood? What are the major characteristics and functions of each type of formed element?
Erythrocytes- transport O2 and CO2, Most abundant
What are the formed elements of blood? What are the major characteristics and functions of each type of formed element?
Leukocytes- Initiate immunity response, defend against harmful substances, least abundant
What are the formed elements of blood? What are the major characteristics and functions of each type of formed element?
Platelets- Participate in blood clotting, average abundance.
Describe the origin of blood's formed elements, including where it occurs and the cells and hormones involved.
Formed by Hemopoiesis, occurs in red bone marrow, cells are Platelets, Erythrocytes and leucocytes. EPO hormone is involved.
How does the structure of an erythrocyte directly relate to its function
Small biconcave disks that lack a nuclei very flexible, allowing movement through capillaries. Erythrocytes transport O2 & CO2 between tissue and the lungs, enabling them to carry respiratory gases more efficiently. The biconcave shape allows the erythroc
Briefly explain the structure of hemoglobin and how that structure relates to its function.
Composed of four Protein components called globins. Each globin contains a heme group, O2 binds to heme group and CO2 binds to globins. Binding is weak allowing quick attachment/detachment
Describe the production, homeostasis and death/disposal of erythrocytes
Erythrocytes- production is controlled by EPO, death caused by aging and wear and tear of circulation through blood vessels causing it to be fragile and less flexible. They are phagocytized by both liver and spleen cells called macrophages.
Describe the production, homeostasis and death/disposal of leukocytes
Leukocytes- Leukopoiesis (leukocyte production) is controlled by growth factors. Life span ranges from days to decades.
Describe the production, homeostasis and death/disposal of platelets
Platelets-controlled by thrombopoietin, last about 10 days remainder are stored in sleep until needed.
What is blood doping? What are the three most known methods of blood doping?
Athletes may try to boost their body's ability to deliver O2 to the muscles by increasing the number of erythrocytes in their blood.
3 most common ways- blood transfusions, use of synthetic oxygen carriers, and use of EPO
Define antigen and how each relates to human blood types
Antigen-is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. Determines blood type and may be responsible for complications with blood transfusions and pregnancies.
Define antibody and how each relates to human blood types.
Antibody-also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
Define antigen, antibody, agglutination and transfusion reaction and how each relates to human blood types.
Agglutination- occurs then antibodies bind to two or more antigens sticking them together.(CLUMMPING)
Define transfusion reaction and how each relates to human blood types.
transfusion reaction- is a complication that can occur after a blood transfusion. The reaction occurs when the red blood cells that were given during the transfusion are destroyed by the person's immune system
Describe how the Rh and ABO blood typing systems work.
The ABO system consists of A, B, AB, and O blood types. People with type A have antibodies in the blood against type B. People with type B have antibodies in the blood against type A. People with AB have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies. People with type O
What antigens and antibodies are present in each blood type.
Type A- antigen A, anti-B antibodies
Type B- antigen B, anti-A antibodies
Type AB- antigens A & B, neither anti-A or anti- B antibodies
Type O- neither antigen A or B, anti-A & anti- B antibodies
list compatible blood types for transfusion.
Compatible blood types- Type A: A+, A-, O-, O+ Type B: B+, B-, O+, O- Type AB: AB+, AB-, A+,A-,B+,B-,O+,O- Type O: O+,O-
How is blood tested for blood type?
The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood, and the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together (agglutinate). If blood cells stick together
Identify the two major groups of leukocytes relative abundance for each of the five specific types.
Granulocytes- Neutrophils,Eosinophil,Basophil
Agranulocytes- Lymphocytes,Monocytes
NLMEB
What are the five types of leukocytes and their function.
Lymphocytes: provides immunity.
Monocytes: Phagocytes pathogens, cellular fragments, dead cells and debris.
neutrophils: phagocytes pathogens.
Eosinophil: destroys parasites and helps with inflammation and allergic reactions.
Basophil: releases heparin an
Describe the process of platelet production. What is the fate of platelets after they are produced?
Platelets are produced during blood cell formation (thrombopoiesis) in from stem cells in the bone marrow. megakaryocyte and platelet production is regulated by thrombopoietin, a hormone usually produced by the liver and kidneys.Megakaryocytes produce pro
what is hemostasis
Hemostasis is stopping blood loss following an injury