Infant Development

Which of the following groups has the highest risk of dying from SIDS?

black babies of low birth weight

The cerebral cortex is responsible for

thinking.

During development, which muscles would a baby first gain voluntary control over?

muscles in the neck

When interpreting the Denver Developmental Screening Test, "average" refers to skills exhibited by ___% of all children at a given age.

50

The visual cliff is a device for testing infants'

depth perception.

Dr. Lewis is giving young parents advice on how they can reduce the likelihood of SIDS. What is she likely telling them?

Babies should be encouraged to sleep on their backs.

According to the cephalocaudal principle,

upper body parts develop before lower parts.

Together, the brain and the spinal cord comprise the

central nervous system.

Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first ___ months.

12

Which of the following is necessary for proper depth perception?

all of the above

Which of the following was NOT an observation made about the children discovered in Romanian orphanages?

PET scans showed regular brain activity/development but little socialization.

Scientists have concluded that the human brain grows most rapidly

during gestation and the first few months of life.

According to research, children may become capable of deferred imitation

at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.

Infants who repeat actions to get results beyond their own bodies are engaging in

secondary circular reactions.

Dr. Kelly examines how children think and how their cognition changes in stages as they move from preschool to adolescence. She is using the __________ approach.

Piagetian

Wendy, who is 15 months old, is asked by her father if she is tired. Wendy lies down and acts as if she is sleeping to communicate her desire to be put to bed. This type of nonverbal message is referred to as a

symbolic gesture.

Fred is involved in a heated argument with Gene. Gene believes that the stages of a child's cognitive development are worthy of study. Fred sarcastically comments that this field of study is nothing more than speculation about the mind and that all that r

Piagetian; behaviorist

Jana knows that the conversations she and her cooing baby are having communicate

emotions.

Amos is trying to teach his son Timothy to tie his shoes. He demonstrates the procedure and then talks his son through the steps until Tim can perform the task on his own. Vygotsky referred to these activities that help bridge the gap between the child's

guided participation.

Piaget's theory

has continued to be accepted with modifications.

Helen spends all day listening to her baby babbling and cooing. She believes that she and her baby are having conversations. The baby is practicing

prelinguistic speech.

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes a(n) ___ through repeated association with a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Infants can remember information best when

memory retrieval occurs in the same context as memory storage.

Baillargeon's studies of babies' understanding of physical phenomena suggest that

infants may have innate learning mechanisms that help them make sense of the world.

In operant conditioning, any experience that strengthens a behavior is called

reinforcement.

Dr. Leon, a college professor, is explaining to students why it is difficult to assess the intelligence of infants. Which key reason should he include in his lecture?

If infants fail to give the "expected" response, the reasons for the "failed" response may be unclear.

Which form of attachment between a caregiver and a baby seems to be the least secure?

disorganized-disoriented

Marina is a 3-year-old who is securely attached to her parents. Which of the following characteristics would she likely exhibit?

strong trust in other people as well as her parents

When 1-year-old Tommy's grandmother comes to his house to take care of him while his parents go out, Tommy starts to fuss and cry as his mother gets ready to leave. Tommy is demonstrating

separation anxiety.

A very securely attached child generally grows up to be

independent.

A factor in the success of socialization that involves a system of mutually binding, mutually responsive relationships is called

reciprocity.

The longest-lasting relationship a person will have is with their

siblings.

Baby Eddy's schedules are predictable, he adapts easily, he is pleasant, and he responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have?

easy

Which of the following statements regarding the studies of mutual regulation and emotional communication is false?

The ability to decipher other people's emotions and adjust one's own behavior accordingly develops after the first year of life.

Marcus started crying because his friend Timothy was crying. This is a sign that he is developing empathy. Empathy depends on

social cognition.

Gretta and her mother have a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie. This emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is called

attachment.

Marcella smiles and greets her mother when she returns from a shopping trip but then looks away fearfully. She also seems afraid much of the time. Marcella's attachment pattern suggests that she is

disorganized-disoriented.

Daniel begins crying before his mother leaves during the "Strange Situation" test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be

ambivalent.

Which of the following best describes young infants' contribution to the mother-child attachment?

Virtually any activity on the part of an infant that leads to a response from adults is an attachment behavior.

The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that

about one in every three children has a mixed temperament pattern.