Which of the following groups has the highest risk of dying from SIDS?
black babies of low birth weight
The cerebral cortex is responsible for
thinking.
During development, which muscles would a baby first gain voluntary control over?
muscles in the neck
When interpreting the Denver Developmental Screening Test, "average" refers to skills exhibited by ___% of all children at a given age.
50
The visual cliff is a device for testing infants'
depth perception.
Dr. Lewis is giving young parents advice on how they can reduce the likelihood of SIDS. What is she likely telling them?
Babies should be encouraged to sleep on their backs.
According to the cephalocaudal principle,
upper body parts develop before lower parts.
Together, the brain and the spinal cord comprise the
central nervous system.
Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first ___ months.
12
Which of the following is necessary for proper depth perception?
all of the above
Which of the following was NOT an observation made about the children discovered in Romanian orphanages?
PET scans showed regular brain activity/development but little socialization.
Scientists have concluded that the human brain grows most rapidly
during gestation and the first few months of life.
According to research, children may become capable of deferred imitation
at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.
Infants who repeat actions to get results beyond their own bodies are engaging in
secondary circular reactions.
Dr. Kelly examines how children think and how their cognition changes in stages as they move from preschool to adolescence. She is using the __________ approach.
Piagetian
Wendy, who is 15 months old, is asked by her father if she is tired. Wendy lies down and acts as if she is sleeping to communicate her desire to be put to bed. This type of nonverbal message is referred to as a
symbolic gesture.
Fred is involved in a heated argument with Gene. Gene believes that the stages of a child's cognitive development are worthy of study. Fred sarcastically comments that this field of study is nothing more than speculation about the mind and that all that r
Piagetian; behaviorist
Jana knows that the conversations she and her cooing baby are having communicate
emotions.
Amos is trying to teach his son Timothy to tie his shoes. He demonstrates the procedure and then talks his son through the steps until Tim can perform the task on his own. Vygotsky referred to these activities that help bridge the gap between the child's
guided participation.
Piaget's theory
has continued to be accepted with modifications.
Helen spends all day listening to her baby babbling and cooing. She believes that she and her baby are having conversations. The baby is practicing
prelinguistic speech.
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes a(n) ___ through repeated association with a(n) _____.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
Infants can remember information best when
memory retrieval occurs in the same context as memory storage.
Baillargeon's studies of babies' understanding of physical phenomena suggest that
infants may have innate learning mechanisms that help them make sense of the world.
In operant conditioning, any experience that strengthens a behavior is called
reinforcement.
Dr. Leon, a college professor, is explaining to students why it is difficult to assess the intelligence of infants. Which key reason should he include in his lecture?
If infants fail to give the "expected" response, the reasons for the "failed" response may be unclear.
Which form of attachment between a caregiver and a baby seems to be the least secure?
disorganized-disoriented
Marina is a 3-year-old who is securely attached to her parents. Which of the following characteristics would she likely exhibit?
strong trust in other people as well as her parents
When 1-year-old Tommy's grandmother comes to his house to take care of him while his parents go out, Tommy starts to fuss and cry as his mother gets ready to leave. Tommy is demonstrating
separation anxiety.
A very securely attached child generally grows up to be
independent.
A factor in the success of socialization that involves a system of mutually binding, mutually responsive relationships is called
reciprocity.
The longest-lasting relationship a person will have is with their
siblings.
Baby Eddy's schedules are predictable, he adapts easily, he is pleasant, and he responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have?
easy
Which of the following statements regarding the studies of mutual regulation and emotional communication is false?
The ability to decipher other people's emotions and adjust one's own behavior accordingly develops after the first year of life.
Marcus started crying because his friend Timothy was crying. This is a sign that he is developing empathy. Empathy depends on
social cognition.
Gretta and her mother have a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie. This emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is called
attachment.
Marcella smiles and greets her mother when she returns from a shopping trip but then looks away fearfully. She also seems afraid much of the time. Marcella's attachment pattern suggests that she is
disorganized-disoriented.
Daniel begins crying before his mother leaves during the "Strange Situation" test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be
ambivalent.
Which of the following best describes young infants' contribution to the mother-child attachment?
Virtually any activity on the part of an infant that leads to a response from adults is an attachment behavior.
The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that
about one in every three children has a mixed temperament pattern.