genes and the environment interact
to determine a person's size
physical development is determined by
environmental and genetic factors
BMI
Body mass index
-to assess obesity level in children and adults
Motor Development between genders
Female
- better in fine motor development
- better in gross motor development that requires balance
Male
-Boys better in motor development that requires strength
- different treatment in society
Children who are highly involved in sports are more likely than those who are not to have
-more positive friend
- less negative friends
- more self esteem
-less depression
- more school belonging
Brain Development in middle childhood
- increased myelination - process info more efficientlyand faster
-changes in electrical activity- more alpha activities during middle childhood
- synaptic pruning
Conservation
the understanding that the amount of something remains the same despite changes in shape/size of container - DONT HAVE TILL CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE
Metacongnition
thinking about thinking, and the process of thoughts
- improves cognitive performance
-
Middle childhood
concrete operation stage
sensiromotor stage
...
preoperational stage
...
Concrete Operation
- children are able to do logical thinking
-dependent on concrete/real objects
formal operational stage
...
Elaboration
most effective memory strategy
- the process of building a connection to the new information and the old info
-ex. birthdate to phone number
Rehersal
repeating information
-
Organization
putting info into categories
Chunking
putting info into chunks
Hippocampus
memory performance
-consolidates memory from working memory and storing it into long term memory
-elphants = good memory -> elephants = hippos.---> Hippocampus
Really sorry I know this one is stupid but its how I remember
The development of memory
faster, longer, more tools
-older children learn faster and are able to hold onto memory longer
-better use of memory strategies
infantile amnesia
the inability to retrieve memories from much before ages 2-3
theory 1 to infantile amnesia
children don't have the language ability to encode the events
theory 2 to infantile amnesia
they do not have ability of self recognition
- can't distinguish self from others --> can't remember what happened to selfs
change blindness
a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it
The original intelligence test by Binet and Simon
first iq test invented in France
- purpose is to predict school success (good vs. bad students)
- misinterpreted as testing for IQ
Howard Gardner's theory of Intelligence
most influential theory
- nine different types of intelligences
- linguistic intelligence
- music intelligence
- spacial intelligence
- changed concept of human intelligence
-every human is unique in their intelligence
Spearman's theory of intelligence
-general intelligence (g)
- "SPEAR ME G!!!
Research mindsets about intelligence and school performance
2 types
- fixed: believe that it is impossible to change their intellligence
-growth mindset: believe they can improve their IQ
Fixed mindset : score bottom
Growth mindset : score high
Research examined how praises affected children's IQ test performance
most influential iq exam
-children praised for effort are more likely to improve of first score
-children praised for intelligence are less likely to be successful
Explicit instruction
the social process in which children are purposefully taught
- school
apprenticeship
- different from school education
emergent literacy
emerging knowledge of language
- learning how to read and write
emergent numeracy
emerging knowledge of mathmatics
Reading
translating graphemes (units of print) to phonemes (units of sound)
Phonemes
units of sound
graphemes
units of print
Dr. Skinner
- a theorist of behaviorism
- proposed a theory on child reading development
-reading development is same as development of other human skills
Jerome Bruner
- gaining attention
- query
- label
- feedback
-social interaction
For reading development, stage 0 is
pretending to read
- read a book without reading the words, using the pictures
- foundation for reading development
For reading Development, stage 1 is
-children are able to read simple text containing high-frequency words and phonically regular worlds
perceptually attractive books (lots of color)
can benefit reading development
Piaget
Reading
one-to-one corresponspondence
one object receives only one number
-
cardinality
the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set
don't understand till 4 years
children begin with number that are easier to draw (1,3,4,7)
and the progress to more compress ones (2,5,6,8,9)
Specific learning disabilities
Children have learning disability despuite a normal IQ
-You can have a normal IQ and a disability
dyslexia
most common learning difficulty
- has to do with decoding written language
Brain development in dyslexics
- readers have a different brain activation pattern
- training can normalize brain activation pattern to improve reading ability
What did Siok's study find?
brain activation pattern of reading is constrained andchanges by culture
Motivation
The ability to try hard and persist in the face of difficulties
The development of motivation
- younger children are more optimistic about their abilities
- interests and intrinsic motivation becomes more stable as you age
- intrinsic motivation for school stuff decreases with age.during school years
Mastery-oriented motivation
- primarily focused on knowledge
-children more likely to be optimistic if they try hard
more likely to be persistent
- better for school success
performance oriented motivation
forced on performance like grades
Erik Erikson
middle childhood
-children are caught in industry and inferiority
- competence
- children understand actual vs ideal self
actual
who you really are
ideal
who you want to be
Children are more likely to have hgihself esteem when their parents
authoritative parents
-set clear limits
major sources of one's baseline self esteem
-values
-parents/family
- social comparison
Preconventional
Consequence
-early childhood
Conventional
social standards and rules
Critiques to kohl bergs theory of moral development
- theory based only on boys
-Berg's Boys
Giligans theory of moral reasoning
examines gender differences
-men: justice
women: standards of responsibility and care
Four major domains of development
- social
- emotional
- cognitive
- physical
interrelated domains
four major issues in developmental science
-source of development nature vs nurture
- plasticity-
-gradual or discontinues
-
the main idea of Frued's theory
human development driven by sex drive
The main idea of behaviorism
human development is driven by environmental factors
-rewards and punishments
The main idea of Piaget's thoery
children actively contrast knowledge
Similaritie between Piaget and Vygotsky's theories
both believe that children actively construct knowledge
Differences between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories
construct alone vs with social interaction
stages
not a gradual process
Cultural tools
- material
- symbolic tools
Social processes
social enhancement, imitation, explicit instruction
The three periods of prenatal development
germinal, embryonic, fetal
By the end of the _______ month, the lungs of the fetus are capable of breathing air
6/7
newborns auditory preferences
prefer human voice
-high pitch voice
On average, a newborn weighs about ______ pounds and is about ______ inches long
7 pounds
19.5 inches
The approximate number of neurons in the brain at birth
100 billion
Brain structure
brain stem --> necessary for life
cerebellum --> balance/coordination
occipital lobe --> visual info
partial lobe --> action, problem solving
temporal lobes --> hearing, taste, smell (emotion)
frontal lobe --> problem solving, telling differences (complex
least developed brain area at birth
cerebral cortex
Visual preferences
-if you can prefer, then you can distinguish
- used to study cognition
Habituation
getting bored because you're used to something
Validity
Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
Replicability
when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators
Infants' sensory abilities
infants has poor sight
- sensitive to touch
- good auditory ability
-good taste ability
emotion
-physiology
-communication
-cogntion
- action
theories of emotional development
-gradual: gradually differentiates into different emotions
-differential :same emotions as adults
- ontogenetic theory: our emotional understanding benefits survival
first social smile
6 weeks
behaviorism theory of langauge learning
imitation: environmental factors
LAD
language acquisition device
ability to acquire language is neat
Broca's Area
controls language production
Wernicke's aphasia
language comprehension
Brain injury and language development
- adulthood :lef more likely to cause problems then right
- infancy: child will be find
children effected equally by left and right damage
Centration
in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features