Rachel is a high school junior who has explored several employment and education alternatives. She has chosen to attend the community college near home to become a diesel mechanic. According to James Marcia, the identity status of Rachel is identity _____
achievement
Jason was confused about whether to be a doctor or not. After a lot of deliberation and experimentation, he finished medical school and became a successful doctor for several years. After a time, he decided he was not happy as a doctor and began to explor
MAMA
A family atmosphere that promotes both ____________________ and connectedness is important in an adolescent's identity development.
individuality
When ethnic minorities identify with both their own culture and the major culture to which they now belong, it is called __________________________ identity.
bicultural
In terms of identity formation, ____________________ often provide a safe context for exploring identity-related experiences.
friends
Low _______________________ monitoring has been linked to all of the following; juvenile delinquency, alcohol use and drug use.
parental
Conflict between parents and children often escalates during ________________ adolescence.
early
The new model of parent-adolescent relationship differs from the old one in that the __________ model emphasizes that the parents are important support systems and attachment figures.
new
In contrast to other psychoanalytic theorists who focused almost exclusively on parent-child relationships, Harry Stack Sullivan argued that ___________________ are also important in shaping the development of children and adolescents.
friends
Harry Stack Sullivan believed that one's need for ____________________ with peers shows a dramatic increase during early adolescence.
self-disclosure
According to Erik Erikson, during middle and late childhood, children are in the stage of industry versus ___________________.
inferiority
Hillary's mother likes to let her daughter experience new things and gain new skills. As Hillary finds the process of baking very exciting, her mother recently allowed her to beat the eggs and measure out the flour required for the cake she was making. Th
industry
Evan is a slow learner who is in the fifth grade. He has been attending remedial classes where he receives training to retain and recall information better. His teachers have reassured his parents that the cumulative effect of these remedial classes take
inferiority
The followings statement is TRUE with regard to Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Progression through the levels occurs as morality becomes more _______________ or mature.
internal
Cybil is about to deliver a baby. Her husband, Bruce, is driving to the hospital at 80 miles per hour. Their son Will says, "Daddy, don't go that fast, you might get caught and sent to prison." Will is making this statement from Kohlberg's level of ______
preconventional
Candice is presented with a moral dilemma. She responds by saying that the person in the dilemma should choose a course of action that will ensure that the community as a whole will not disapprove of the person's action. Candice's response reflects Lawren
conventional
At Kohlberg's _______________________________ level of moral reasoning, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
post conventional
The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol ___________________, who believes that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development fails to account for relationships and concern for others as moral behavior and thus reflects a g
Gilligan
The following is a feature of ______________ conventional reasoning, conventional rules of an arbitrary nature.
social
According to William __________________, sharing in early elementary school years is characterized by objective ideas of fairness.
Damon
Susan Jones, a group counselor, came to Amelie's class and gave the students a questionnaire for which students had to fill in the names of classmates, one whom they liked the most, one whom they disliked the most, and one whom they considered to be a bes
socioeconomic
Rejected children are the MOST likely to develop and sustain _________________ problems.
conduct
Paulo is outgoing and self-confident. He seems to be happy and in a good mood most of the time. Paulo is good at talking with other children and seems to care about their interests and problems. He is likely to be ____________________ with his peers.
popular
Children who are lonely and have fewer mutual friendships and lower peer popularity are more likely to engage in ___________________________________.
cyberbullying
When compared with those who did the bullying, children who said they were bullied were more likely to display ___________________and socially withdrawn behavior.
anxiety
The child MOST at risk for being a victim of bullying is Alice, an overweight female who ______________________ easily.
angers
All of the following are likely outcomes of being bullied; suicidal thoughts, ____________________, and attempting suicide.
depression
Bullies are MOST likely to be children who ________________ and drink alcohol.
smoke
. Children of ___________________ with suboptimal mental health are more likely to become bullies.
mothers
Kevin is a middle-school boy who routinely makes fun of other students and often uses physical aggression against other students. Compared to students who don't engage in this behavior, when Kevin reaches adolescence he is likely to engage in ____________
criminal
Approximately _____ percent of U.S. 15-year-olds reported having a meaningful relationship outside of their family with a caring adult that helped them to succeed.
20
In regard to ____________________ adulthood, experimentation and exploration characterize the emerging adulthood stage of life.
emerging
The brain-neuroendocrine process that occurs primarily in early adolescence and involves rapid physical changes in height, weight, and sexual maturation is called __________________.
puberty
The followings statement is TRUE with regard to the pubertal growth spurt. The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt is ____ for females and ____ for males.
9, 11
Hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries are called ___________________________.
gonadotropins
In the United States, the average age of menarche has _________________ significantly since the mid-nineteenth century.
declined
__________-maturing boys are more likely to have a stronger sense of identity by the time they are in their thirties when compared to __________-maturing boys.
late, early
Higher rates of smoking, drinking, sexual intercourse, eating disorders, and delinquency have been linked to __________-maturing females.
early
Ricky, a young teenager, has a tendency to engage in risky behaviors. This may be a function of his ____________________________ prefrontal cortex.
underdeveloped
Learning to manage sexual feelings, developing new forms of intimacy, and learning skills to regulate sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences are all aspects of one's sexual ______________________.
identity
According to your text, sexual identities emerge in the context of physical, social, and ______________________ factors.
cultural
In terms of contraceptive use _________________ adolescents are more likely to use contraceptives.
older
The following is associated with adolescent mothers; they are more likely to give birth to low birth weight infants, they are more likely to be _______________________, and they are more likely to display behavioral problems.
depressed
As discovered by a national study of U.S. adolescents, presenting a more positive body image is one of the primary reasons adolescents engage in ____________________.
exercise
Increases in screen time for adolescents is associated with all of the following; being overweight, higher stress, and _________________ activity levels.
lower
The following are outcomes associated with adolescents who got less than 7.7 hours of sleep a night; higher anxiety, peer-related problems, and higher levels of ______________ ideation.
suicidal
The following represent the three major causes of death among American adolescents; accidents, _____________________, and suicide.
homicide
Barry and his friends meet up every Saturday night to relax and unwind over a couple of drinks. However, by the end of these parties, where they also do drugs, many of Barry's friends have eight to ten drinks and are completely out of control. This is an
binge
___________________ nervosa is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
anorexia
Difficulties controlling their emotions and a highly perfectionist mentality are characteristics of individuals suffering from __________________ nervosa.
bulimia
The formal operational stage is characterized by _________________ thinking.
abstract
_____________________ beliefs about future possibilities are characteristic of the formal operations stage of cognitive development.
idealistic
Khloe has not been getting along with her best friend. She writes down all the difficulties they have been having and tries to generate possible reasons for them. She then considers what she can do to deal with the problems, weighing the pros and cons of
deductive
The heightened self-consciousness of adolescence, the belief that everyone is as interested in them as they are in themselves, and a sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability are all parts of adolescent ________________________.
egocentrism
The following is an example of the imaginary _____________________ phenomenon. Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will see she is having a "bad hair" day.
audience
Personal ________________ refers to adolescents' sense of invincibility that may also lead them to believe that they themselves are invulnerable to dangers and catastrophes that happen to other people.
fable
_____________________ functioning involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.
executive
Adolescents who are in the presence of same-age ______________ display the greatest tendency toward risk-taking behaviors.
peers
The ___________________-__________________ dual-process model states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems: "verbatim" analytical and gist-based intuitional that operate in parallel.
fuzzy trace
Implementation of service learning in schools benefits adolescents by helping them achieve higher grades, increase their _______________ setting, achieve higher _________-esteem, and increase the likelihood that they will serve as volunteers in the future
goal, self
Recent research on moral reasoning and cohort effects have revealed that __________-___________________ moral reasoning among college students is declining down to the lowest level, personal interests.
post conventional
In the _______________________ curriculum, the moral atmosphere is created by school and classroom rules, the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators, and text materials.
hidden
In the ________________________ education approach, every school is expected to have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students. Any violations of the code will be met with sanctions.
character
Clarence High School is a private school in Cincinnati. The school instructs its students based on a written moral code and uses class discussions and role playing to do so. Rather than warning students against immoral behaviors, students are encouraged t
care
A recent study linked higher levels of church engagement with increased __________________ performance in adolescents.
academic
Studies that investigated the influence of religion among adolescents found a positive correlation between spirituality/religiosity and _______________-_________________.
well being
In Erik Erikson's (1968) theory, as part of their search for _________________, adolescents begin to grapple in more sophisticated, logical ways with such questions as "Why am I on this planet?" "Is there really a God or higher spiritual being?" and "What
identity
According to Robert Crosnoe's book, Fitting In, Standing Out, many adolescents pay an academic price because of the demanding ________________ aspects of school.
social
The following is one of the MOST common causes for dropping out of high school, school-related reasons such as not ________________ school.
liking
The high school dropout rate remains higher among __________ than ___________________.
males, females
Erik Erikson's fifth developmental stage, which individuals experience during adolescence, is identity versus identity ___________________________.
confusion
Erik Erikson defines __________________________ moratorium as the gap between the security of childhood and the autonomy of adulthood.
psychosocial
Harry has not been able to successfully resolve his identity _______________. He has immersed himself in the world of his peers and lost his identity in the crowd. Erik Erikson would say that Harry is suffering from identity confusion.
crisis
Hey, what can I say�my college major is undeclared. I just don't know what I want to do yet and I don't particularly want to explore it right now. I'm not going to pressure myself into making a decision when what I really want to do is have fun." Accordi
diffusion
Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in the state college near their hometown and study to become an engineer. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will probably do what they advise. According to James Marcia, the
foreclosure