Who was behind of significant changes being made in the field of special education
IEP- form of communication between school and family, developed by the group of people responsible for the education of a child with special needs
The strengths of IDEA
educate children with disabilities from ages 3-21, Inclusion, nondiscriminatory, free and appropriate education
Prevention of substance abuse
NCLB- school must provide info about harmful affects of drug, collaboration with parents and community members, confidential identification, assessment, and referral to treatment programs, substance abuse use should be monitored within the school. Penalti
Violence
roots are found in families dysfunctional way of solving problems as well as communities racism, sexism, classism, and high unemployment. Children who are surrounded by violence are more likely to be violent
How families can become involved in their child's school
1.Decision making- determining school programs and policies
2.participation- working in the classrooms
3.partnership- providing home guidance
How many hours do children spend in front of a TV set?
3-5 hours
What aspects of family interaction can TV viewing interfere?
sleep habits, meal arrangement, leisure time, conversation patterns
Ways exposure to violence on television can affect children
more prone to behave aggressively then are children who do not watch tv violence, learning to, behave violently, becoming desensitized, becoming fearful, become more accepting of aggressive behavior, increase aggressive behavior resulting from the increas
Form of media that is considered to be the expression of the youth subculture
audio media
How reading differs from other types of media influences
stimulates child's imagination and creativity
language reading and cognitive development. Serve as models of gender roles, careers, values, attitudes, promote social skills, and healthy behaviors. Help to understand feelings
Social Control
The community has the means to enforce adherence to community values. This may be group pressure to conform and or formal laws.
How high population density affects social relationships
excessive social contact. can result in more violence, higher crime.
California Department of Heath Services
study showed regarding how environmental noise affects children's development
linked freeway noise to poorer school test scores.
Noisy schools did less well academically in reading and writing
How neighborhoods affect children
homogeneous- include people of similar backgrounds, have few opportunities to interact with people from diff backgrounds. Less opportunity to observe the work world of adults. usually small/suburban
heterogeneous- people of diff backgrounds. more likely t
Gemeinschaft
communal, cooperative, close, intimate, and informal interpersonal relationship
Gesellschaft
associative, practical, objective, and formal interpersonal relationships
School without walls" in Philadelphia
higher then average percentage of students went on to college
National and Community Service Trust Act
gives grants to schools to develop and implement student involvement projects.
Preventative services
seeks to lessen the strains of everyday life
Supportive services
seek to maintain the health, education, and welfare of the community.
Family preservation services
1.keep the family safe
2,avoid unnecessary placement of children in substitute care
3.to improve family function so that the behavior that lead to crisis will be less likely to reoccur
Who are included under the child welfare umbrella?
care for individuals who may be indigent, neglected, abused, deserted, sick, disabled, maladjusted, or delinquen
What does the Woman, Infants, and Children Program provide?
supplemental foods, health care referral,s and nutrition education for low income breastfeeding women and to infants and children
Values Clarification
the process of discovering what is personally worth while or desirable in life. Influenced by culture, family, politics.
Development of attitudes
influences by age, cognitive development, family peers and others in the microsystem
Models children identify with most-
powerful and admirable
First step in development of prejudice
Awareness being alert to seeing, noticing, and understanding differences among people even though they may never be described or talked about
Influences formation of attitudes
Parents- modeling, instruction, reinforcement and punishment. Peers, mass media, community, school.
Extrinsic motivation
doing an activity to attain some separate outcome, to get a reward or avoid punishment
Intrinsic motivation
doing an activity for inherent satisfaction or enjoyment
Locus of control
relates to one attribution of performance, or sense of personal responsibility for success or failure. May be internal or external
Internal locus control- perception that one is responsible for ones own fate
External locus control- perception that others
Characteristics children with high expectations for success show
on a task usually persist at it longer and perform better, higher grades.
Helplessness firsts appears
in infants
Strategy that can be used to foster a sense of self-efficacy in children
provide instruction in specific learning strategies, help students make short term and long term goals, make reinforcement contingent on performance reward students for mastery, give encouragement, provide positive adult and peer role models
Characteristics of competent children
uses adult recourses, capable of expressing affection, can lead and follow, compete with peers, communicate, anticipate consequences, deal with abstractions, and understand other points of view.
Family influences on the development of self-esteem
parental approval, level of achievement demands, strictness, and consistency with which rules were enforced. extent to which child was allowed to participate in decision making, extent to which child was allowed independence, and extent to which child was
Self regulation
related to self-control, to inhibiting antisocial or aggressive behaviors and exhibiting prosocial or altruistic ones.
What age self regulation can begin?
beginning at age 2
Types of aggression
Instrumental- goal is to obtain an object, privilege, or a space
hostile- goal is to harm another person
Altruism
voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actors anticipation of external rewards.
Preschool teachers can help minimize aggression
organize the environment, establish standards and consequences, provide alternative ways of solving problems
Who are preschoolers more likely to help
more likely to help friends, or people they are more familiar with
Direct reinforcement
reward for altruistic act
Vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else engaging in the act and getting reinforced for it.
Why is it important for teachers to model appropriate behavior to children?
encourages children to behave similarly. Helpful models=helpful behavior.
Factors affecting moral development
Develops through social interaction in a societal context. Temperament, self control, self esteem, age, education, social interaction, emotions, family variables.
How can a teacher enhance moral development in her class?
build a sense of community, provide opportunities, give reason for consequences, discuss differences, provide opportunities, consider feelings of others, role play experiences, fairness, and unfairness, provoke higher stage reasoning, be a role model and
Sex typing
begins at birth, classification into gender roles based on biological sex.
What so females exhibit opposed to males?
greater verbal ability