emotion
the body's physiological reaction to a situation, your cognitive interpretation of the situation, communication to another person, and your own actions
basic emotions
an automatic and unlearned set of emotions that arise early in development and have a biological basis
emotional display rules
culturally determined norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or should not, be shown
emotion schemas
all the associations and interpretations that an individual connects to a certain emotion
social referencing
using the reaction of others to determine how to react in ambiguous situations
empathy
sharing the feelings of other people
sympathy
concern for others' welfare that often leads to helping or comforting them
self-conscious emotions
emotions that depend on awareness of oneself, such as pride, guilt, and shame
guilt
feelings children have when they think about the negative aspects of something they have done, particularly moral failures
shame
a feeling that occurs as a result of personal failure or when children attribute their bad behavior to an aspect of themselves that they believe they cannot change
temperament
the general emotional style an individual displays in responding to events
easy temperament
a child's general responsiveness marked by positive mood, easy adaptation to change, and regularity and predictability in patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination
difficult temperament
a child's general responsiveness marked by more negative mood, intense responses, slow adaptation to change, and irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination
slow-to-warm termperament
a general responsiveness marked by a slow adaptation to new experiences and moderate irregularity in eating, sleeping, and elimination
anxiety
a vague fear of events that may or may not occur
anxiety disorder
a level of anxiety that is severe, lasts a long time, and interferes with normal functioning
anxious ambivalent/resistant attchment
an attachment classification in which the infant is reluctant to move away from his mother to explore and is very distressed when she leaves, but when she returns, he approaches her but also angrily resists her attempt to pick him up
anxious avoidant attachment
an attachment classification in which the infant is not distressed when her mother leaves, is as comfortable with the stranger as with her mother, and does not rush to greet her mother when she returns
attachment
an emotional bond with a particular person
attachment in the making
the stage from 6 weeks to 6 to 8 months in which infants develop stranger anxiety, differentiating those they know from those they don't
clear-cut attachment
the stage from 6 to 8 months to 18 months to 2 years, when an infant develops separation anxiety when a person he is attached to leaves him
coercive family environment
a pattern of family interaction in which parents and children mutually train each other so that the child becomes increasingly aggressive and the parents become less effective in controlling the child's behavior
cognitive behavioral therapy
a therapeutic approach based on changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors to deal with problem-focused goals
conduct disorder
a persistent pattern of behavior marked by violation of the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate social norms or rules
delay of gratification
the ability to wait until later to get something desirable
disinhibited social engagement disorder
an attachment disorder in which children approach strangers indiscriminately, not differentiating between attachment figures and other people
disorganized/disoriented attachment
an attachment classification in which behavior is unpredictable and off and shows no coherent way of dealing with attachment issues, often linked with parental abuse or neglect
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
severe and frequent temper tantrums that are out of proportion with the situation
drive reduction
the idea that human behavior is determined by the motivation to satisfy or reduce the discomfort caused by biological needs or drives
emotion coaching
a parental style that teaches children how to understand their emotions and deal with them
emotion dismissing
a parental style that teaches children to ignore their feelings
externalizing (or other directed) behaviors
behaviors, such as aggressive or destructive behavior, in which the child or adolescent "acts out" on the environment
goal-corrected partnership
the stage of development of attachment from 18 months on, when toddlers create reciprocal relationship with their mothers
goodness of fit
how well a child's temperamental characteristics match with the demands of the child's environment
internal working model
mental representations of the particular attachment relationships that a child has experienced that shape expectations of future relationships
internalizing (or self directed) behaviors
behaviors in which a child's emotions are turned inward and become hurtful to themselves
major depression
a condition marked by feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, a lack of pleasure, sleep, and appetite disturbances, and possibly suicidal thoughts
oppositional defiant disorder
a persistent pattern of behavior marked by defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures
preattachment
the stage of development of attachment from birth to 6 weeks, in which infant sensory preferences bring infants into close connection with parents
reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
a disorder marked by inability to form attachments to caregivers
secure attachment
a strong, positive emotional bond with a person who provides comfort and a sense of security
secure base for exploration
the use of a parent to provide the security that an infant can relay on as she explores the environment
secure base script
the expectation that a child develops that distress will or will not be met with care, concern, and support
separation anxiety
distress felt when separated from a parent
strange situation
Mary Ainsworth's experimental procedure designed to assess security of attachment in infants
stranger anxiety
fearfulness that infants develop at about 6 months of age toward people they do not know
effortful control
the ability to consciously control one's behavior
emotional intelligence
the ability to understand and control one's emotions, to understand the emotions of others, and to use this understanding in human interactions