Child Growth and Development

1. Write a brief description of the terms "growth" and "development

growth refers to specific body changes and increases in the child's size, such as child's height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index. These size changes can usually be easily measured.
development typically refers to an increase in complexity

2. mark the following true or false:
A. growth proceeds from the center of the body outward.
B. At birth, the brain, heart, and spinal cord are fully functioning.
C. The finger and toe muscles develop before the arm and leg muscles.
D. Children differ in

A. True
B. True
C. False
D. True
E. False

3. Name and give examples of each of the five basic principles of child growth and development.

Principle 1: Developmental sequence is similar for all. Children develop in relatively the same ways, they can move forward, regress for a short time, and then move forward again. Some children may skip a behavior or skill as they move forward. Principle

4. Explain at least one implication of a development principle as it relates to children's learning.

By understanding principle 1 (development sequence is similar for all) child care professionals can determine reasonable expectations for the class, as well as for each child. By understanding principle 4, (development proceeds different rates), you know

5. fill in the chart with the name of each stage of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and include an example for an individual as well as family.

self actualization-fifth level on pyramid, self fulfillment needs, fulfilling one's life with purpose and meaning. example: spirituality, personal emotional response, enhancement of understanding relationships with children, family, parents. Esteem needs:

6. List Erikson's conflicts that relate to children aged birth to school-age, and give an example of each.

Age: infant
conflict: trust vs mistrust
meaning: trust is developed over time providing an infant with consistent, comforting environment. Trust builds an emotional foundation. A lack of trust can result in poor emotional stability.
age: toddler
conflict:

7. List age and examples for each of Piaget's stages.

stage: sensorimotor age: 0-2 years old meaning: children learn through sensory perception and motor activity.
stage: preoperational age:2-7 years old meaning: children are bound by what they experience directly and not by what they think.
stage: concrete-

8. Vygotsky's learning theory includes two strategies: scaffolding and reciprocal teaching. Describe both:

Scaffolding: children learn through problem-solving experiences shared with a knowledgeable adult or peer. Initially, the person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding the learning. As the children learns, the responsibility is

9. Briefly summarize Maria Montessori's theory on child-centered learning environments.

� Emphasis is placed on the preparation of the learning environment. This includes the space children use; and the furnishings, materials, children, and adults who occupy the environment.
� The learning environment should be beautiful and orderly. This al

10. Explain the attachment theories and quality infant care.

Children who are able to form close relationships with adults during their early years develop a good sense of self-esteem and have a smaller chance of developing mental health problems later in life. John Bowlby's research indicated that infants and youn

11. Describe what is meant by the term "window of opportunity" as it relates to brain development.

These are certain periods of time when children are especially receptive to their surroundings and interactions with other people. These periods of time are tied to brain development and readiness for learning that will directly affect the achievement of

12. Describe how heredity influences child development.

Some children inherit characteristics that help their development, such as ability with language and strong bones. Others inherit characteristics that can hinder development, such as health conditions.

13. Describe how health and wellness factors influence child development.

Maintaining good nutrition, ample amounts of exercise opportunities, involvement in physical activities, and predictable daily routines are all necessary to ensure that children's bodies are physically healthy.

1. Describe how developmental obstacles influence child development.

Maintaining a healthy body through proper nutrition and exercise is essential for children's most favorable growth and development. Children, like adults, need sufficient physical activity to ensure that they are strong, healthy, and happy. Physical activ

Why is it important to establish routines?

Having a daily routine that includes physical activities is a great way to plan time for children to engage in physical play and get the exercise they need. By having a daily routine that involves both indoor and outdoor opportunities for physical play an

List ways that child care programs can be inclusive and support children with developmental disabilities

� and promoting interactions.
� You can assist all children in developing socially by analyzing the nature of the toys or play activities; including children at varying developmental levels; teaching the children with disabilities to make eye contact, smi

Define Prevention, redirection, and positive reinforcement.

� Prevention is a strategy that stops challenging behaviors before they begin, and it is the primary method child care professionals use to encourage children to discard these behaviors.
� Redirection is a strategy that is used to guide children's behavio

list and explain each developmental domain

developmental domains
1. Physical development domain refers to typical growth patterns, changes in weight and height, general health and safety, visual perception, and hearing. It refers to a child's ability to move around and control various body parts.

1. Why is it important to use the developmental domains in your lesson plans?

Knowing the typical growth, behavior, and skill expectancies of children across their age range is paramount for caregivers when designing an appropriate learning environment, creating curriculum and learning strategies, and assisting parents in evaluatin

Match:

-large motor skills such as jumping, hopping, running children (age: preschoolers and school age)
-sitting with support (age: birth to 8 months)
-developing eye-hand coordination (age: school age children and preschoolers)

behaviors of different aged children

-show increasing responsibility in cleaning up and following rules (age: 4 year olds)
-enjoy more organized play activities, such as board games and card games (age:7year olds)
-may begin to engage in parallel play, or play alongside peers without much in

1. approaches to learning domain

Developing a natural interest in learning by interactions with the adults in their lives age: preschoolers
Vocalize, smile, and coo at the sight of familiar faces age: infants and toddlers
Becoming excited about learning, making new friends, and engaging

1. the language and communication domain:

will respond when spoken to, tell lots of stories, and enjoys rhyming and singing age: 3 years old (36 months)
shows an increased understanding of grammar in their speech, will begin writing their own stories age: six and seven year olds
able to see at a

different age behaviors

they enjoy using flashlights, magnifying glasses, and rulers for investigations age: age four
caregivers can often see their reaction as they begin to understand the effect they have on the object age: infant
can tell time using a digital clock, and are b

1. Define prosocial behavior and describe some ways you can encourage children to develop positive, prosocial behaviors in the child care environment.

Prosocial behavior in adults and children represents the most positive attributes of society. Acts of kindness-such as helping, sharing, sympathizing, cooperating, and comforting-benefit all persons, the givers and the receivers. Providing instruction in

1. There are a variety of strategies that result in a reduction of negative and challenging behaviors exhibited by children. List a few strategies that caregivers can use in the child care environment.

� Model appropriate behavior through books, role play, and conversations.
� Reinforce positive behaviors through genuine praise
� Reduce the frustration in children's lives and help them feel more competent by providing developmentally appropriate activit

1. List and describe the three elements that define DAPs.

DAP= developmentally appropriate practice.
1. DAP is age appropriate. With this information, you can develop activites, routines, and strategies that meet the needs of children in the age ranges you serve. It should be interesting, safe, and achievable wh

DAP is often referred to as

1. DAP is often referred to as "Ages and Stages.

1. There are three elements needed to create a developmentally appropriate program. List and describe them.

Active learning: Children learn during the activity by doing.
Meaningful experience: children have a fun and memorable time during an activity to which they can relate on a developmental level. The experience relates to their developmental level, cultural

Explain how play is an important component of developmentally appropriate practice.

People learn fastest by doing. The level at which a child is involved in play can vary from watching and listening to actively participating. The more involved a child is in a learning experience, the faster the child will learn.
� Physical Development: d