Erikson's 5th Psychosocial crisis
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.
**primary task of adolescence
Resolved with identity achievement
Identity achievement
Erik son's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
they have reconsidered the goals and values of their parents and culture, ac
4 ways adolescence cope with the identity crisis
1. Role Confusion
2. Foreclosure
3. Moratorium
4. Identity Achievement
Role confusion
A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his/her identity is.
**opposite of identity achievement
lack of commitment to goals or values.
aka identity diffusion
Identity Foreclosure
Erik son's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis.
may focus on negative identity-- the direct opposite of whatever their parents want
Moratorium
An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions.
Ex. College/military
a more mature shelter
Erikson's 4 aspects of identity
religious, political, vocational, and sexual.
none of these occur in social isolation
Religious Identity
Similar to that of their parents/community
If they have grown up in a religious home, very few will turn completely away.
Political Identity
parents can influence this too but most children tend not to care.
there is a trend for adolescence to become more liberal.
Vocational Identity
viewing oneself in a particular occupation
takes years to establish and some jobs require specific skills.
Sexual Identity
sex and sexual refer to biological characteristics
gender refers to cultural and social attributes that distinguish between male and female.
Erikson replaced this term with gender identity
Gender Identity
A person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female.
4 Aspects of Family Closeness
1. Communication--do family members talk openly with one another?
2. Support--do they rely on one another?
3. Connectedness--how emotionally close are they?
4. Control--do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?
First 2 are essential
Parental monitoring
Parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom.
Studies show when parents have this knowledge, the relationship is warm and supportive, and the child is likely to become more confident, well-educated adults, avoiding dru
Peer pressure
Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
Technology
a tool that might exacerbate depression or self-destruction but doesn't cause it.
Adolescents who use technology are just as social and extroverted as those who don't.
Deviancy Training
Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.
The combination of problem behavior, school marginalization, and low academic performance at age 11 lead to gang involvement 2 years later
Selection and Facilitation
Teenagers SELECT friends whose values and interests are shared, abandoning other friendships who follow other paths.
Then friends FACILITATE destructive behaviors.
It's easier to do wrong and right with friends.
Sequence of male-female relationships during childhood and adolescence
1. Groups of friends, exclusively one sex or the other.
2. A loose association of girls and boys, with public interactions within a crowd
3. Small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
4. Formation of couples, with private intimacies
Sexual Orientation
The term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.
Comorbid
several problems occurring at once
Most disorders are comorbid
Familism
A cultural norm--the belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to reverse family unity and protect the family from outside sources.
Clinical Depression
Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last 2 weeks or more.
Hormones and genes contribute
Rumination
Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression
A cognitive explanation for gender differences in depression.
Girls do this more than boys
Suicidal ideation
thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones.
most common at age 15
can lead to parasuicide
Parasuicide
Any potential lethal action against the self that does not result in death.
aka attempted suicide or failed suicide
Dialectal behavior therapy
designed to help an adolescent with their mood.
Cluster Suicides
several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time
media and other publications of suicide has shown to increase this rate.
Suicide is 4x more common for boys than girls
boys-use lethal actions
girls-take pills or cut their wri
Adolescence-limited offender
A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
Life-Course-Persistent offender
A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life
3 pathways to dire consequences
1. Stubbornness can lead to defiance, which can lead to running away. Runaways are often victims and criminals.
2. Shoplifting can lead to arson and burglary.
3. Bullying can lead to assault, rape, and murder.
Drugs and Adolescence
The sooner teens and young adults consume alcohol or drugs, the more detrimental the effects.
Generational Forgetting
The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned. As used here, the term refers to knowledge about the harm drugs can do.