Which of the following grammatical forms have most children mastered by the time they enter kindergarten?
Children have usually mastered all of the above grammatical forms by the time they enter kindergarten
The naming explosion typically occurs at 18 months, but the timing of this event varies widely for individual children. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding individual differences in word learning?
Children learn fewer words when their parents' speech is rich in different words and is grammatically sophisticated.
You are on a committee formed to make a recommendation to a school system about how to best help non-English-speaking children master both academic content and English. Based on research in this area, what language would you recommend be used for instruct
both English and the children's native language
Roger is fascinated with learning the meanings of words. Roger has a keen interest in
semantics
The production of two-word speech
often is called telegraphic speech
When children make the mistake of defining a word too broadly, it is referred to as
overextension
Which of the following is an example of overregularization?
mans
The findings that specific regions of the brain are involved in language processing, that only humans learn grammar readily, and that there is a critical period for learning language all support the idea
that there is an inborn grammar-learning device.
Two-year-old Michael already knows the meaning of the word dog. One day when he is at a park with his mother, they see a dog and his mother points to the dog and says, "That's a collie." Michael is likely to conclude that
a collie is a special type of dog
The production of the first words is linked to the ability to
use symbols
When does spontaneous turn-taking between parents and children usually begin?
when children are about 2 years of age
Three-year-old Steven walks up to his father, who is reading the newspaper, and says "Look at this picture, Daddy!" If his father does not respond, Steven is likely to
repeat his remark to try again to get a response.
You visit your friend, Amy, and her 6-month-old son, Joey. You notice that when Amy talks to Joey she speaks slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness. You think to yourself
Amy's making it easier for Joey to perceive the important sounds of our language by talking to him the way she does.
Researchers have studied the impact on language development of cochlear implants in profoundly deaf children. They found that
almost all children showed large improvements in their language skills.
__________ refers to using only words directly relevant to meaning.
telegraphic speech
When Utsav is riding in the car with his mother, he will point at buses, vans, bikes, and trucks and say "car." This is an example of
an overextension
Which of the following statements about language development is TRUE?
The period from birth to about age 12 is critical for learning language
__________ is/are a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning.
language
Hannah uses the word cat to refer only to her cat, not to other cats. Hannah's mistake is an example of
underextension
Which of the following is a CORRECT statement concerning the rules children use to learn new words?
If an unfamiliar word is heard in the presence of objects that already have names and objects that do not, the word refers to one of the objects that does not have a name
Infants who are younger than fives months of age ________
can discriminate sounds found in their native language as well as sounds not present in their native language
To pick out individual words from a steady stream of speech, infants _________
notice syllables that go together frequently
Which of the following statements about infant-directed speech is correct?
Infant-directed speech is used frequently by adults who care for children
As infants develop, _________
babbling shifts from single syllable utterances to combinations of different sounds
A child's first word probably reflects the child's mastery of _________
symbols
As young children learn new words, they _________
learn the referents of words with surprisingly few presentations
Which of the following accurately describes the rules children use to learn new words?
a name refers to the whole object, not to its parts
Individual differences in the size of children's vocabulary _________
Reflect differences in children's ability to remember speech sounds
If parents want to help their children learn more words, then parents should _________
encourage their children to read
Compared with monolingual children, bilingual children ___________
are more skilled at switching between tasks
Which of the following statements about children's early sentences is correct?
Early sentences are called telegraphic because they include only words essential to meaning
The idea that children are born with a mechanism that helps them master grammar is supported by the finding that ___________
there is a critical periods for language learning
Which approach argues that children master grammar by using powerful skills to detect regularities in the speech they hear?
cognitive
Parents encourage turn taking __________
by taking the speaker and listener roles before infants say their first words
Which statement accurately describes young children's communicative skills?
Based on their listener's age and knowledge, preschoolers change what they say
African American English
A dialect of Standard English spoken by some African Americans; has slightly different grammatical rules than Standard English
babbling
Speechlike sounds that consist of vowel-consonant combinations
cooing
Early vowel-like sounds that babies produce
expressive style
a style of language learning that describes children whose vocabularies include many social phrases that are used like one word
fast mapping
the fact that children make connections between new words and referents so quickly that they cannot be considering all possible meanings
grammatical morphemes
words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical
infant-directed speech
speech that adults use with babies that is slow and loud and has exaggerated changes in pitch; thought to foster infants' language learning
intonation
a pattern of rising and falling pitch in speech or babbling that often indicates whether the utterance is a statement, question, or command
language
any rule-based system for expressing ideas
naming explosion
a period, beginning at about age 18 months, in which children learn new words very rapidly
overextension
when children define words more broadly than adults do
overregularization
Children's application of rules to words that are exceptions to the rule; used as evidence that children master grammar by learning rules
phonemes
unique speech sounds that can be used to create words
phonological memory
the ability to remember speech sounds briefly; a key component for learning new words easily
phonology
the sounds of a language
pragmatics
how people use language to communicate effectively
referential style
a style of language learning that describes children whose vocabularies are dominated by names of objects, persons, or actions
semantic bootstrapping theory
a view that children rely on their own knowledge of word meanings to discover grammatical rules
semantics
the study of words and their meaning
syntax
rules that specify how words are combined to form sentences
telegraphic speech
a style of speaking, common in 1-year-olds, that includes only words directly relevant to meaning
underextension
when children define words more narrowly than adults do