Who is the least likely to suggest that a particular child should be referred for treatment for a suspected disorder?
A child who wonders whether he/she is different from other children
Why is it sometimes harder to diagnose an atypical child than an atypical adult?
Sometimes an atypical behavior is just a more extreme version of otherwise normal child behaviors.
When treating an atypical child it is often helpful to have lots of knowledge about what developmental tasks same-aged peers are capable of. Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to:
eliminate distress and promote further development
Historically, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries, acts of child maltreatment:
were considered to be a parent's right for educating or disciplining a child
The development of __________ treatment can be traced back to John B. Watson and the rise of behaviorism in the early 1900s
reached based
Multifinality
various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
Equi?nality
similar outcomes stem from di?erent early experiences
true statements
1.Children today face greater stressors than they did in the past. NOT TRUE= childhood prob. dont fade alone
2.Recent longitudinal studies indicate that childhood psychopathology is a relatively common occurrence.
3.Emotional problems such as childhood de
Resiliency in boys
male role models, structure, encouragement of emotional expressiveness
Resilience
okay even though they must deal with risk factors such as chronic adversity and limited resources
Resiliency in girls
female role models and a combination of risk taking and independence
NOT TRUE
Approximately 75% of children with mental health problems receive proper services.
TRUE
A. About one in ten children meets the criteria for a specific psychological disorder.
B. About one child in eight has a mental health problem that impairs their functioning.
D. Today we have a better ability to distinguish between different childhood dis
Biological influences
mother about her prenatal history, including major ill-
nesses, injuries, or perhaps marital problems or undue
stresses that might have affected her pregnancy.
Emotional influences
behave in ways that provide clues to their distress, but also show various emotional signals that are not obvious at first, emotional reactions to challenges
Behavioral and cognitive influences
Jorge's lack of progress may be a function of punitive events when he is criticized by his parents or singled out by his teacher
Family, cultural, and ethnic infuences
consideration of his family and peer relationships, his social setting, and his larger cultural and ethnic identity
abnormal child behavior
A. Abnormal development is multiply determined.
B. The child and the environment are interdependent.
C. Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities
facts
A. As the brain grows and neurons develop, many axons reach their destination even before a baby is born.
B. Neural connections in the brain both proliferate and disappear in early childhood.
C. Because development is organized, sensitive periods play a m
Behavioral geneticists
genetic contributions to psychological disorders come from many genes, which each make a small contribution
cerebral cortex
gives us the distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future, to be playful, and to be creative.
Temperament
refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears very early in development
Positive affect and approach
easy child," who is generally approach-able and adaptive to his or her environment and possesses the ability to regulate basic functions of eating, sleeping, and elimination relatively smoothly
Fearful or inhibited.
slow-to-warm-up child," who is cautious in his or her approach to novel or challenging situations. Such children are more variable in self-regulation and adaptability, and may show distress or negativity toward some situations
Negative affect or irritability. T
diffcult child," who is predominantly negative or intense in mood, not very adaptable, and arrhythmic. Some children with this temperament show distress when faced with novel or challenging situations, and others are prone to general distress or irritabi
process of attachment typically begins between _________ of age.
6-12 months
Secure
Infant readily separates from care-giver and likes to explore. When wary of a stranger or distressed by separation, the infant seeks contact and proximity with caregiver; the infant then returns to exploration and play after contact.
Insecure Anxious, avoidant type
Infant engages in exploration, but with little affective interaction with caregiver. Infant shows little wariness of strangers, and generally is upset only if left alone. As stress increases, avoidance increases. Conduct disorders; aggressive behavior; de
Insecure Anxious, resistant type
Infant shows disinterest in or resistance to exploration and play, and is wary of novel situations or strangers. Infant has difficulty settling when reunited with caregiver, and may mix
active contact-seeking with crying and fussiness.Phobias; anxiety; ps
Disorganized, disoriented type(not an organized
strategy)
Infant lacks a coherent strategy of attachment. Appears disorganized when faced with a novel situation and has no consistent pattern of regulating emotions. No consensus, but generally a wide range of personality disorders
specific glands located on top of the kidneys are important because they produce hormones that
energize us and get our bodies ready for possible threats in the environment
Social cognition
children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world
Classical conditioning models
explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g., homework), and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., parental anger).
Social learning and social cognition
place more signi?cance on cognitive processes than
overt behavior.
Social learning
emphasize attributional biases, modeling, and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior.
Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology
B. Research findings in abnormal child psychology are often in conflict with one another.
C. Experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree.
D. Many conclusions from research with children are qualified with no definitive answers.
Incidence
rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period.
Molecular genetics
methods directly assess the association between
variations in DNA sequences and variations in a particu-
lar trait or traits.
Prevalence rates
refer to all cases, whether new or previously existing
valid
measures the construct that it is intended to measure, then that test can be considered to be
One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that
behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed.
CT scans
reveal the various structures (anatomy) of the brain.
fMRI
show which brain areas are active during particular mental operations such as solving a specific type of problem or reacting to a fear-inducing stimulus.
Diffusion MRI
is a magnetic imaging method that produces images showing connections between brain regions.
Simple MRI
techniques use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field and passed through brain tissue to produce fine-grained analyses of brain structure.
external validity
degree to which findings from a particular study can be generalized to children, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than the ones in a particular study is referred
cross-sectional
different individuals at different ages or stages of development, at the same point in time
retrospective
recall bias and distortion are potential limitations
comorbidity
children is that often a child may have two or more overlapping disorders at the same time.
clinicians need to be sensitive to important aspects
A. age
B. cultural background
C. gender
equally common among males and females
childhood depression, Adolescent conduct disorder
Childhood depression, Feeding disorder, Physical abuse and neglect
More Commonly Reported Among Males
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity ,disorder,Childhood conduct disorder, Intellectual disability Autistic disorder,Language disorder, Reading disorder, Enuresis
More Commonly Reported Among Females
Anxiety disorders, Adolescent depression, Eating disorders, Sexual abuse
cultural information helps clinicians avoid misdiagnosis.
A. Cultural information is necessary in order to obtain valid information.
B. Cultural information is necessary help motivate the family for change.
C. Cultural information is necessary to establish a relationship with the child and family.
girls aggression
engage in more relational forms of aggression relational aggression
clinical description
A. notation of the age of onset and the duration of difficulties
C. a list of different symptoms and their configuration
D. notation of the intensity, frequency, and severity of the problem
prognosis
A. A prognosis includes a prediction of what will happen to a child if that child does not receive help.
B. A prognosis indicates whether a child might be expected to outgrow a problem on his/her own.
D. A prognosis references whether circumstances will r
clinical interview
most universally used assessment procedure with parents and children
Unstructured interviews
less reliable and more flexible
semistructured interviews
specifc questions designed to elicit information in a relatively
consistent manner regardless of who is doing the interview
ABCs of behavioral assessment
A Antecedents, or the events that immediately
precede a behavior
B Behavior(s) of interest
C Consequences, or the events that follow a
behavior
advantage of behavior checklists
compare results to a normative sample
Projective tests
inkblots or pictures of people, and the child is then asked to describe what she or he sees. The hypothesis is that the child will "project" his or her own personality�unconscious fears, needs, and inner conflicts.. Rorschach inkblot test,
DSM-IV refers
contains descriptions that help to classify different psychological disorders.
common goal of treatment
A. improved outcomes relating to child functioning
B. improved outcome relating to family functioning
C. improved outcomes of societal importance
eclectic
More than 70% of practicing clinicians identify their therapeutic approach
Cognitive-behavioral
view child psychopathology as the result of faulty thought patterns and faulty learning and environmental experiences
Client-centered
view child psychopathology as the result of social or environmental circumstances that are imposed on the child and interfere with his or her basic capacity for personal growth
and adaptive functioning.
Biological Treatments
view child psychopathology as resulting from psychobiological impairment or dysfunction, and rely primarily on pharmacological and other biological approaches to treatment.
Family Treatments
view of psychopathology as residing only within the individual child and, instead, view child psychopathology as determined
by variables operating in the larger family system.