meaning of development
1. Human Development- The scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human lifespan
2. Lifespan Development- Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically.
three aspects (Domains) of development?
Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial
seven phases of human development throughout
1. Prenatal Period (conception to birth)
2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to 3)
3. Early Childhood (age 3 to 6)
4. Middle Childhood (age 6 to 11)
5. Adolescence (11-20)
6. Emerging and Young Adulthood (20-40)
7. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65)
Psychoanalytic Theories of Development
1. Psychoanalytic Theories of Development
a. Psychosexual (Freud)
b. Psychosocial (Erikson)
Influences on development
1. HEREDITY
2. Environment
3. Maturation
Difference between NORMATIVE and NON-NORMATIVE influences?
Normative- biological or environment events that affect many people in a society in similar ways
Non-normative= UNUSUAL events that have a major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the lifecycle.
What is the difference between Critical and Sensitive Periods during development?
-Critical Periods are a specific time when a given event, or its absence, has a specific impact on development.
-Sensitive Periods are when a developing person is especially responsive to certain kinds of experiences.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
unconscious forces motivating human behavior
Psychoanalytic theories of development and founders
Psychosexual-Sigmund Freud
Psychosocial-Erik Erikson
Freud's five stages of development and timeline
1. Oral (birth to 1.5 years)
2. Anal (1.5-3 years)
3. Phallic (3-6 years): child's pleasure focuses on the genitals
4. Latency (6 years to puberty)
5. Genital (puberty onward)
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of human development (Psychosocial)
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (1rst year)=sets stage for lifelong expectancy
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1-3 Years)=autonomous behavior, independence, doubt/shame
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years/preschool years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 years to
Cognitive Theory of Development
focuses on thought processes and behavior that reflects those thought processes
Characteristics influenced by hereditary and environment
a. Physical and physiological traits
b. intelligence
c. personality and psychopathology
Stages of prenatal development
a. germinal stage (fertilization to 2 weeks)
b. embryonic stage (2-8 weeks)
c. fetal stage (8 weeks to birth)
Influences of prenatal development
...
Four reflexes that a child exhibits at birth
a. Rooting reflex-head turns toward stimuli
b. Grasping reflex-grabs
c. Moro reflex-rapidly closes arms/legs (grabbing for support while falling
d. Sucking
Apgar
Done at 1 minutes and 5 minutes after birth
Categories
1. Pulse
absent (0), <100 (1), >100 (2)
2. Appearance
cyanosis (0), only cyanotic extremities (1), Pink (2)
3. Respiration
none (0), slow/weak cry (1), strong cry (2)
4. Grimace (during suction)
none
Brazelton
...
Sense that is first to develop
touch
2 types of principles for development during the first 3 years of life
1. cephalocaudal- head to tail
2. proximodistal- center to distal
3 patterns of attachment
1. secure attachment- cry or protest
2. Avoidant attachment- unaffected by a caregiver leaving or returning
- Ambivalent (resistant)- anxious before caregiver departs and increasingly upset after departure
3. Disorganized-disoriented attachment= contradic
Gender Roles
behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a CULTURE CONSIDERS appropriate for males and females.
Gender-typing
SOCIAL PROCESS whereby children, at an early age, LEARN APPROPRIATE GENDER ROLES.
Gender stereotypes
Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.
Various Perspectives on Gender Development and their definitions
1. Psychoanalytic Theory=child identifies with same-sex parent
2. Social-Learning Approach=child combines observations of gendered behavior and creates own behavioral variations
3. Cognitive-Developmental Theory=once child learns gender, they filter infor
3 Parenting Styles
a. Authoritarian
b. Permissive
c. Authoritative=children become most self-reliant, self-controlled, self-assertive, exploratory and content
Children usually develop there first friendships at what age?
3 years of age
Ages of middle childhood
6-11 years old
Age children can count in their heads?
6-7 years of age
Cognitive dimension and cognitive levels of play
1. Functional Play- muscles
2. Constructive Play- objects/materials to construct something
3. Dramatic Play-imaginary people/situations
4. Formal games with rules-organized games
Growth of children during middle childhood?
Average weight at 10 years old?
2-3 inches per year (6-11 years of age)
double their body weight
3 stages of moral reasoning
stage 1- Rigid obedience to authority
stage 2- Increasing flexibility
stage 3- Equity
Factors that affect outcomes of children of divorced parents
age, level of development, family's financial circumstances, frequent moves, and non-resident father's involvement
Kohlberg and moral reasoning
center of each dilemma was the concept of "justice"
Level I-preconventional morality (age 4-10) obey rules to get rewards/avoid punishment
Level II-conventional morality (age 10-13) obey rules to maintain order
Level III-post-conventional morality (13 and
Difference between self-concept and self-esteem
self-concept= sense of self; mental picture of ourself
self-esteem= judgement about his or her self worth
Age that children are typically aware of feeling shame and pride, distinguishing between guilt and shame, have an awareness of their culture's rules for acceptable emotional expression, and are capable of "Emotional self-regulation"? (emotional growth and
7 or 8 years old
2 major components of family environment
Family structure and family atmosphere
Age of adolescence
11-20 years of age
2 stages of puberty
1. activation of adrenal glands
2. maturing of the sex organs a few years later
health issues of young adulthood
increased rates of injury, homicide, and substance abuse
age group holding highest poverty rate and lowest level of health insurance
young adulthood
proposed transition period between adolescence and adulthood commonly found in industrialized countries. contains highest rates of STI's in the U.S., particularly among young women.
Emerging Adulthood
Four views of Personality Development in Young Adulthood
a. Normative-stage Models
b. Timing of events model: psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events.
c. Traits Model: focuses on mental, emotional, temperamental, and behavioral traits,
Age defined as middle adulthood/middle aged
40-65 year years
Physical aspects of middle age
compensate well for gradual declines in sensory and psychomotor abilities.
-Loss in bone density (become brittle and thin)
-decrease in vital capacity
-myelin sheath begins to break down
-Skin becomes less taut and smooth
1. Presbyopia
2. Myopia
3. Presby
Cognition of middle adulthood
a. adults think in an integrative way
-integrate logic w/ intuition and emotion
-integrate conflicting facts and ideas
-integrate new information
b. Encapsulation= progressive dedication of information processing and fluid thinking to specific knowledge s
Personality and "self" development in middle years
1. Generativity?
2. Erikson's seventh normative stage?
Generativity vs. stagnation
1. Generativity- the concern of mature adults for establishing and guiding the next generation. People feel a need to participate in the continuation of life.
2. Erikson's seventh normative stage- time when middle adults develo
Health concerns of middle age
-Hypertension, Diabetes, Osteoporosis
-Cancer (important: Breast Cancer)
*cancer is the leading death cause for ages 45-64
-increased stress (but better coping skills)
Identity balance
...
Late Adulthood/Old age today/elderly people can be grouped into what 3 age categories?
young old" (65-74 years old)
"old old" (75-84 y/o)
"oldest old" (85 and above)
Ageism
prejudice and discrimination based on age
Filial Maturity
proposed period in life when middle-aged children learn to accept their parents need to depend on them. Filial Maturity is seen as a healthy outcome for what is known as a "Filial Crisis
Primary aging
inevitable process of bodily deterioration that begins early in life and continues through the years irrespective of what people do to stave it off
Secondary aging
Results from disease, abuse, disuse; often seen as within a person's control
Physical changes of old age
a. "senescence"=period of life marked by age-related declines in body function
b. "reserve capacity" or "organ reserve"=ability of body organs/systems to put forth 4-10 times as much effort under acute stress
c. vision
difficulties perceiving depth of col
10. Personality development
-according to Erikson, what is the final crisis to be resolved?
ego integrity vs. despair
-older people must confront the way they lived in order to accept their approaching death. Those who successfully resolve this crisis gain a sense of order and meaning of their lives. The virtue that develops is wisdom.
What is Wisdom?
informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself
Approaches to successful aging
1.) Disengagement Theory
2.) Activity Theory
3.) Continuity Theory
Personal relationships later in life
1. According to social convoy theory?
2. Socioemotional selectivity theory?
3. Social interaction?
4. Divorce?
5. children?
1. aging adults maintain social support by identifying those who can help and ignoring those who are not supportive.
2. older adults spend time with people, as well as activities, that meet immediate emotional demands.
Thanatology
study of death and dying
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross identified what five stages involved in coming to terms with death?
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor-feel 0-2 years
2. preoccupational-words and drawings 2-7 years
3. concrete occupational-examples 7-11 years
4. formal occupational-abstract thought 11-15 onward