Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Identity

major personality achievement of adolescence and a critical step toward becoming a productive, content adult. Constructing it involves defining who you are, values, choosing life directions

identity vs role confusion

psychological conflict in adolescence - if they negatively resolve earlier conflicts or if society limited life choices to ones that don't match their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for adulthood challenges
E

identity achievement

Commitment to values, beliefs & goals following period of exploration

identity moratorium

exploration without having reached commitment

identity foreclosure

commitment in the absence of exploration

identity diffusion

apathetic state without exploration & commitment

Kohlberg's preconventional level

mortality is externally controlled. Children accept rules of authority figures & judge actions by consequences. Behaviors that lead to punishment = bad, behaviors that lead to rewards = good
Moral Development

preconventional stage 1 - punishment & obedience orientation

children focus on avoiding punishment. Have trouble considering 2 POV's in moral dilemma -> overlook people's intentions
moral development

preconventional stage 2: instrumental purpose orientation

children become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma. They view right action as flowing from self-interest & understand reciprocal/equal exchange of favors
moral development

Kohlberg's conventional level

continue to regard social rule conformity as important but not for reasons of self-interest - believe that actively maintaining current social system = + relationships & societal order
moral development

conventional stage 3: good boy good girl orientation/mortality of interpersonal cooperation

want to maintain affection and approval of family and friends by being a good person. Understand ideal reciprocity - treat people how you want to be treated
moral development

Kohlberg conventional stage 4: social order maintaining orientation

equality in rule enforcement - no exceptions
moral development

Kohlberg postconventional level

defines morals in terms of abstract principles & values that apply to all situations & societies
moral development

postconventional stage 5: social contract orientation

laws/rules flexible - sometimes need to be broken
moral development

postconventional stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation

right action = self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people regardless of law & social agreement
moral development

Moral identity

the degree to which mortality is central to self-concept

gender intensification

increased gender stereotyping of attitudes & behavior, and movement toward a more traditional gender identity

autonomy

sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual - striving for this becomes salient task in adolescence

cliques

groups of 5-7 friends who have similar family backgrounds, attitudes & values. Early adolescence - same-sex, midadolescence - mixture

crowds

large loosely organized groups of several cliques with similar values - common among Western adolescents attending high schools with complex social structures

multisystemic therapy

combination of family intervention & integrating violent youths into positive school, work, & leisure activities and disengaging them from deviant peers

Erikson's Crisis of Identity vs. Confusion

o Struggle to have a unique sense of self (ex: Goth, Athlete, ect.)
Adolescence provides psychosocial moratorium

Self-Esteem in Adolescence

Continues to gain new dimensions
Close relationship
Romantic appeal
Job competence
Generally rises, but drops temporarily at school transitions

Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

James Marcia
A well-developed identity gives a sense of one's strength
Crises is a period when old values are re-examined (religion)
James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses:
Identity Achievement: commitment to occupation, religion, beliefs about sex roles. Vie

James Marcia

A well-developed identity gives a sense of one's strength
Crises is a period when old values are re-examined (religion)
Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses:

Identity Achievement: commitment to occupation, religion, beliefs about sex roles. Views and beliefs of others have been considered
Moratorium: No clear commitments. Actively trying to achieve identity
Foreclosure: Commitment to occupation/ideology. Adopt

Moral Development

Laurence Kohlberg - did not care what you chose to do in a moral dilemma, but was more interested in knowing the reasoning behind someone's decision.

Psychological and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Preconventional Morality
Standards to judge rightness are rewards/punishments
Stage 1: the punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2: Nice to others and others will be nice to them
Conventional Morality
Internalize judgments of society
Stage 3: good bo

Preconvention Morality

Standards to judge rightness are rewards/punishments
Stage 1: the punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2: Nice to others and others will be nice to them
Psychological and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Conventional Morality

Internalize judgments of society
Stage 3: good boy/nice girl stage
Stage 4: it is also called the law-and-order orientation
Psychological and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Post-conventional Morality

Choices are made based on self-chosen principles
Stage 5: social contract orientation, rules are important however they see times when the rules need to be ignored
(Usually where we end)
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles orientation (balancing two cho

Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Factors influencing behavior include
Maturity of moral reasoning
Emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt
Temperament
Cultural experiences and beliefs
Parenting practices: include disciplines, moral standards

Factors influencing behavior include

Maturity of moral reasoning
Emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt
Temperament
Cultural experiences and beliefs
Parenting practices: include disciplines, moral standards
Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence

Strives for autonomy
Emotional component: self-reliance
Behavioral component; independent decision-making
Deidealizes parents
Authoritative parenting
Balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring
Extra challenging during adolescence

Family Influences on Adolescents' Adjustment

Family circumstances that affect appropriate autonomy-granting:
Financial security
Parental work pressures
Stable marriage
Sibling relationships
Attachment remains strong in most cases

Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?

Stereotype of Adolescent Rebellion
Conflict within the family
Alienation from adult society
Reckless behavior
Rejection of adult values

Sex Differences in Adolescent Friendships

Girls:
� Emotional closeness
o Who you get along with when you're older, when you're younger sometimes the environment forces it.
� Communal concerns
o Shared experience
� Get together to "just talk"
� Self-disclosure, support
Boys:
� Shared activities

Girls

� Emotional closeness
o Who you get along with when you're older, when you're younger sometimes the environment forces it.
� Communal concerns
o Shared experience
� Get together to "just talk"
� Self-disclosure, support
Sex Differences in Adolescent Frien

Boys

� Shared activities
� Achievement, status
� Competition, conflict
� Androgyny related to increased intimacy
Sex Differences in Adolescent Friendships

Cross-Sex Friendships

� Pre-pubescent friendships are confusing, mind telling you one thing and hormone telling you different

Adolescent Use of Time

� US teens have a great deal of discretionary time
o Media influences
� Time with family members declines dramatically
� Working 20+ hours a week could be detrimental towards school work

Adolescents choose friends similar in

o Gender
o Race/ethnicity
o Academic attitude
o Risky or problem behavior
Adolescent Friendships

Adolescent Cliques

o Avg 2-12 individuals
o Engage in similar activities
� Have shared experiences
� When you share thing it validates everything you are
� http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/tough-guise/
� sometimes living up to or down to reputation is tough because of self-es

Media and Peers

� Body image
o http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/killing-us-softly-3
� Masculinity
o http://topdocumentaryflims.com/tough-guise
o males often struggle in relationships because they were never told to be in touch with emotions
� Females dehumanized in adverti

Phases of Teen Romantic Relationships

� Mixed groups or groups dates
� One-on-one relationships involving intimacy

Teen Dating Problems

� Too-early dating:
o Drug use, sex, delinquency
o Poor academic achievement
o Dating violence
� For gay and lesbian youths:
o Finding partners
o Peer harassment, rejection
Sexual assault issues: very underrated issue in American teens

Developing adult Relationships with Parents

� Normative development
o New Zealand study and role of jobs and responsibility on familial relationships
� Failure to Launch

Erikson's Normative Stage Model

� Intimacy vs. Isolation
o Different in early adulthood- idea that find relationship that is part of your identity - wont change interests and identity because of relationship
o Shared experiences in relationships
Emotional and Social Development in Early

Timing-of-Events Model

� The course of development depends on when events occur in people's lives
o Normative life events
Ex. Marriage
o Social clock
Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Trait models: Five Factors of Personality

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Friendship in Young Adulthood

� Center on work and parenting activities
� Sharing of advice
� Women have social needs met by friends more than men

Sternberg's Triangular Subtheory of Love

� 1. Intimacy
o Emotional element, self-disclosure
� 2. Passion
o Motivational element, physiological arousal
� 3. Commitment
o Cognitive element, decision to stay with the beloved
Early Adulthood

Early Adulthood Single Life

� Proportion of 25-34 year olds who are single:
o Women- 32%
o Men - 43%
� African American women
o 35% still single in late 30s

Legalizing Same Sex Marriages

� World:
o Netherlands first to legalize -2001
o Belgium- 2003
� U.S.
o Vermont first state to recognize civil unions
o MA first to legalize same-sex marriage- 2003

Cohabitation

� Unmarried couples who are involved in sexual relationship and live together
� In 2003 4% of US households or 4.3 million

Selecting a Mate

� Most select partners similar to themselves
� Gender differences
o Women: intelligence, ambition, financial status, moral character
o Men: attractiveness, domestic skills
o Evolutionary perspective
o Social learning view
early adulthood

Early Adulthood Secure Attachment

Comfortable with intimacy; unafraid of abandonment Trust, happiness, friendship

Early Adulthood Avoidant Attachment

Emphasize independence, mistrust, anxiety, about closeness Jealousy, emotional distance, little physical pleasure, unrealistic beliefs

Early Adulthood Resistant Attachment

Seek quick love, complete merging Jealousy, desperation, emotional highs, lows

Benefits of Marriage

� Division of labor
� Economic security
� Opportunity for emotional growth
� New sources of identity and self-esteem
early adulthood

Marital Satisfaction

� Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people
� Factors affecting satisfaction
o Economic resources
o Equal decision-making
o Non-traditional gender attitudes
early adulthood

Divorce

� 1 out of 5 US adults have been divorced
� 3.6 per 1,000 married women
� peak in early 1980s
� higher divorce rates
o teenagers
o high school drop outs
o nonreligious persons
more divorces increases divorce rate.. ex. 2nd divorce higher probability and 3

What attracts us to others

o Familiarity
o Similarity
o Matching hypothesis (pure physicality: example: Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie)
o Evolution
o Social role
Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood