Identity
major personality achievement of adolescence and a critical step toward becoming a productive, content adult. Constructing it involves defining who you are, values, choosing life directions
identity vs role confusion
psychological conflict in adolescence - if they negatively resolve earlier conflicts or if society limited life choices to ones that don't match their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for adulthood challenges
E
identity achievement
Commitment to values, beliefs & goals following period of exploration
identity moratorium
exploration without having reached commitment
identity foreclosure
commitment in the absence of exploration
identity diffusion
apathetic state without exploration & commitment
Kohlberg's preconventional level
mortality is externally controlled. Children accept rules of authority figures & judge actions by consequences. Behaviors that lead to punishment = bad, behaviors that lead to rewards = good
Moral Development
preconventional stage 1 - punishment & obedience orientation
children focus on avoiding punishment. Have trouble considering 2 POV's in moral dilemma -> overlook people's intentions
moral development
preconventional stage 2: instrumental purpose orientation
children become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma. They view right action as flowing from self-interest & understand reciprocal/equal exchange of favors
moral development
Kohlberg's conventional level
continue to regard social rule conformity as important but not for reasons of self-interest - believe that actively maintaining current social system = + relationships & societal order
moral development
conventional stage 3: good boy good girl orientation/mortality of interpersonal cooperation
want to maintain affection and approval of family and friends by being a good person. Understand ideal reciprocity - treat people how you want to be treated
moral development
Kohlberg conventional stage 4: social order maintaining orientation
equality in rule enforcement - no exceptions
moral development
Kohlberg postconventional level
defines morals in terms of abstract principles & values that apply to all situations & societies
moral development
postconventional stage 5: social contract orientation
laws/rules flexible - sometimes need to be broken
moral development
postconventional stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation
right action = self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people regardless of law & social agreement
moral development
Moral identity
the degree to which mortality is central to self-concept
gender intensification
increased gender stereotyping of attitudes & behavior, and movement toward a more traditional gender identity
autonomy
sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual - striving for this becomes salient task in adolescence
cliques
groups of 5-7 friends who have similar family backgrounds, attitudes & values. Early adolescence - same-sex, midadolescence - mixture
crowds
large loosely organized groups of several cliques with similar values - common among Western adolescents attending high schools with complex social structures
multisystemic therapy
combination of family intervention & integrating violent youths into positive school, work, & leisure activities and disengaging them from deviant peers
Erikson's Crisis of Identity vs. Confusion
o Struggle to have a unique sense of self (ex: Goth, Athlete, ect.)
Adolescence provides psychosocial moratorium
Self-Esteem in Adolescence
Continues to gain new dimensions
Close relationship
Romantic appeal
Job competence
Generally rises, but drops temporarily at school transitions
Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
James Marcia
A well-developed identity gives a sense of one's strength
Crises is a period when old values are re-examined (religion)
James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses:
Identity Achievement: commitment to occupation, religion, beliefs about sex roles. Vie
James Marcia
A well-developed identity gives a sense of one's strength
Crises is a period when old values are re-examined (religion)
Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses:
Identity Achievement: commitment to occupation, religion, beliefs about sex roles. Views and beliefs of others have been considered
Moratorium: No clear commitments. Actively trying to achieve identity
Foreclosure: Commitment to occupation/ideology. Adopt
Moral Development
Laurence Kohlberg - did not care what you chose to do in a moral dilemma, but was more interested in knowing the reasoning behind someone's decision.
Psychological and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Preconventional Morality
Standards to judge rightness are rewards/punishments
Stage 1: the punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2: Nice to others and others will be nice to them
Conventional Morality
Internalize judgments of society
Stage 3: good bo
Preconvention Morality
Standards to judge rightness are rewards/punishments
Stage 1: the punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2: Nice to others and others will be nice to them
Psychological and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Conventional Morality
Internalize judgments of society
Stage 3: good boy/nice girl stage
Stage 4: it is also called the law-and-order orientation
Psychological and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Post-conventional Morality
Choices are made based on self-chosen principles
Stage 5: social contract orientation, rules are important however they see times when the rules need to be ignored
(Usually where we end)
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles orientation (balancing two cho
Moral Reasoning and Behavior
Factors influencing behavior include
Maturity of moral reasoning
Emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt
Temperament
Cultural experiences and beliefs
Parenting practices: include disciplines, moral standards
Factors influencing behavior include
Maturity of moral reasoning
Emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt
Temperament
Cultural experiences and beliefs
Parenting practices: include disciplines, moral standards
Moral Reasoning and Behavior
Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Strives for autonomy
Emotional component: self-reliance
Behavioral component; independent decision-making
Deidealizes parents
Authoritative parenting
Balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring
Extra challenging during adolescence
Family Influences on Adolescents' Adjustment
Family circumstances that affect appropriate autonomy-granting:
Financial security
Parental work pressures
Stable marriage
Sibling relationships
Attachment remains strong in most cases
Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?
Stereotype of Adolescent Rebellion
Conflict within the family
Alienation from adult society
Reckless behavior
Rejection of adult values
Sex Differences in Adolescent Friendships
Girls:
� Emotional closeness
o Who you get along with when you're older, when you're younger sometimes the environment forces it.
� Communal concerns
o Shared experience
� Get together to "just talk"
� Self-disclosure, support
Boys:
� Shared activities
�
Girls
� Emotional closeness
o Who you get along with when you're older, when you're younger sometimes the environment forces it.
� Communal concerns
o Shared experience
� Get together to "just talk"
� Self-disclosure, support
Sex Differences in Adolescent Frien
Boys
� Shared activities
� Achievement, status
� Competition, conflict
� Androgyny related to increased intimacy
Sex Differences in Adolescent Friendships
Cross-Sex Friendships
� Pre-pubescent friendships are confusing, mind telling you one thing and hormone telling you different
Adolescent Use of Time
� US teens have a great deal of discretionary time
o Media influences
� Time with family members declines dramatically
� Working 20+ hours a week could be detrimental towards school work
Adolescents choose friends similar in
o Gender
o Race/ethnicity
o Academic attitude
o Risky or problem behavior
Adolescent Friendships
Adolescent Cliques
o Avg 2-12 individuals
o Engage in similar activities
� Have shared experiences
� When you share thing it validates everything you are
� http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/tough-guise/
� sometimes living up to or down to reputation is tough because of self-es
Media and Peers
� Body image
o http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/killing-us-softly-3
� Masculinity
o http://topdocumentaryflims.com/tough-guise
o males often struggle in relationships because they were never told to be in touch with emotions
� Females dehumanized in adverti
Phases of Teen Romantic Relationships
� Mixed groups or groups dates
� One-on-one relationships involving intimacy
Teen Dating Problems
� Too-early dating:
o Drug use, sex, delinquency
o Poor academic achievement
o Dating violence
� For gay and lesbian youths:
o Finding partners
o Peer harassment, rejection
Sexual assault issues: very underrated issue in American teens
Developing adult Relationships with Parents
� Normative development
o New Zealand study and role of jobs and responsibility on familial relationships
� Failure to Launch
Erikson's Normative Stage Model
� Intimacy vs. Isolation
o Different in early adulthood- idea that find relationship that is part of your identity - wont change interests and identity because of relationship
o Shared experiences in relationships
Emotional and Social Development in Early
Timing-of-Events Model
� The course of development depends on when events occur in people's lives
o Normative life events
Ex. Marriage
o Social clock
Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood
Trait models: Five Factors of Personality
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood
Friendship in Young Adulthood
� Center on work and parenting activities
� Sharing of advice
� Women have social needs met by friends more than men
Sternberg's Triangular Subtheory of Love
� 1. Intimacy
o Emotional element, self-disclosure
� 2. Passion
o Motivational element, physiological arousal
� 3. Commitment
o Cognitive element, decision to stay with the beloved
Early Adulthood
Early Adulthood Single Life
� Proportion of 25-34 year olds who are single:
o Women- 32%
o Men - 43%
� African American women
o 35% still single in late 30s
Legalizing Same Sex Marriages
� World:
o Netherlands first to legalize -2001
o Belgium- 2003
� U.S.
o Vermont first state to recognize civil unions
o MA first to legalize same-sex marriage- 2003
Cohabitation
� Unmarried couples who are involved in sexual relationship and live together
� In 2003 4% of US households or 4.3 million
Selecting a Mate
� Most select partners similar to themselves
� Gender differences
o Women: intelligence, ambition, financial status, moral character
o Men: attractiveness, domestic skills
o Evolutionary perspective
o Social learning view
early adulthood
Early Adulthood Secure Attachment
Comfortable with intimacy; unafraid of abandonment Trust, happiness, friendship
Early Adulthood Avoidant Attachment
Emphasize independence, mistrust, anxiety, about closeness Jealousy, emotional distance, little physical pleasure, unrealistic beliefs
Early Adulthood Resistant Attachment
Seek quick love, complete merging Jealousy, desperation, emotional highs, lows
Benefits of Marriage
� Division of labor
� Economic security
� Opportunity for emotional growth
� New sources of identity and self-esteem
early adulthood
Marital Satisfaction
� Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people
� Factors affecting satisfaction
o Economic resources
o Equal decision-making
o Non-traditional gender attitudes
early adulthood
Divorce
� 1 out of 5 US adults have been divorced
� 3.6 per 1,000 married women
� peak in early 1980s
� higher divorce rates
o teenagers
o high school drop outs
o nonreligious persons
more divorces increases divorce rate.. ex. 2nd divorce higher probability and 3
What attracts us to others
o Familiarity
o Similarity
o Matching hypothesis (pure physicality: example: Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie)
o Evolution
o Social role
Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood