This hormone is released in response to PTH and its actions are synergistic to PTH.
Calcitrol
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
Tears
Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways except by
inhibiting glucocorticoid release.
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy-chain constant segments
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that
it depends on memory B cells.
Macrophages develop from
monocytes
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
glucagon; insulin
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to the red bone marrow.
The function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.
A red blood cell that contains excessive amounts of hemoglobin would be called
hyperchromic
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
neutrophils
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.
the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
All of the following are functions of blood except
generating action potentials
The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the
antigenic determinant sites
Blood that has clotting proteins removed is termed
serum
The process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots
Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order.
1. Secretion of perforin
2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus
3. Lysis of abnormal cell
4. Recognition and adhesion
4, 2, 1, 3
The most abundant component of plasma is
water (92%)
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry dissolved blood gases.
A small white blood cell with a large round nucleus would be a
lymphocyte
Which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain?
binds antigen at both ends
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane
The process of lymphopoiesis occurs mainly in the
red bone marrow
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
glucocorticoids
Approximately 45 percent of blood volume is composed of the
formed elements
Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
During fetal development the primary site(s) of red blood cell production is/are
Liver and spleen
Each hemoglobin molecule contains
four iron atoms
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes
Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.
Helper T
The heart secretes the hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
Follicle cells synthesize a protein called
thyroglobulin
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunization
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.
A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a(n)
blood clot
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
PHAGOCYTES
T cells and B cells can be activated only by
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
Tissue factor is a factor in the ________ pathway.
extrinsic
The total volume of blood in the body of a 76-kg man is approximately ________ liters.
5.3
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
in the follicle cavity
Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except
allowing nutrient and gas exchange.
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer's patches
Natural killer cells are one of the functional classes of
lymphocytes
Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
blood glucose concentration
A hormone might
alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it.
Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following?
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
aldosterone.
Helper T- cells do all of the following except
provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen.
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule
Germinal Center
Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone
erythropoietin
Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations
colony-stimulating factors
________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.
Kupffer cells
A person whose platelet count is 40,000/�l is suffering from
thrombocytopenia.
Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except
thickness of the plasma membrane
Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class?
IgM
The term lymphadenopathy refers to
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.
In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in
red bone marrow
Jane has Type A blood; therefore, she
has antibodies to B agglutinogens.
A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called
costimulation.
A measure of antibody level in the plasma is
antibody titer
Upon binding of a single first messenger to a plasma membrane, thousands of second messengers may become activated. This effect is known as
amplification
In an emergency situation, a patient may be given plasma expanders while blood typing occurs. The plasma expanders are used to
increase blood volume and maintain osmolarity
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they...
-bind to receptors within the cell.
-are produced by reproductive glands.
-are derived from cholesterol.
-are lipids.
-are produced by the adrenal medulla.
are produced by the adrenal medulla.
The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone.
Follicles
The phase of hemostasis that involved clotting of blood is called
Coagulation
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except
A.) testosterone.
B.) thyroid hormone.
C.) epinephrine.
D.) norepinephrine.
E.) melatonin.
A.)testosterone.
Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus.
LEPTIN
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
ALDOSTERONE
Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called
haptens
The hormone related to appetite control is
leptin
Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
reticulocytes
If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
TSH, ACTH, PRL
When hemoglobin does not have oxygen bound to hemoglobin it is termed
deoxyhemoglobin.
The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group.
monocyte-macrophage
Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are
mineralocorticoids.
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
blood flow to the kidney declines.
A moving blood clot is called a(n)
embolus
The function of platelets is to assist in the
process called hemostasis.
Lymphatic capillaries are not found in
cornea of eye
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars
tuberalis.
Types of WBCs (leukocytes) - see image here - all WBC's originate from bone marrow but some multiply + become non-naive in the lymph node (lymph drainage acts as a sewer system of antigens; cell recognizes antigen, goes from na�ve ? activated; multiplies)
What formed element of blood begins as a megakaryocyte.
platelets