Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
Aid in motility
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
To maintain the
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure
glycocalyx
A type of glycocalyx called the _____ protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients.
plaque
capsule
slime layer
biofilm
Slime layer
The ability of a cell to move or self-propel through an aqueous environment is known as _____.
Motility
Pili are made of the protein _____.
Pilin
keratin
actin
myosin
Pilin
Put the following steps of spore germination in order:
Enzymes digest the cortex and expose the core to water
Initiation by a specific germination agent
The core rehydrates
The cell becomes an active vegetative cell
The core takes up nutrients
Initiation by a specific germination agent
Enzymes digest the cortex and expose the core to water
The core rehydrates
The core takes up nutrients
The cell becomes an active vegetative cell
The inert, restive stage that is capable of resistance to harsh environmental conditions.
Endospore
The metabolically active and growing stage.
Vegetative cell
The _____ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.
Tenericutes
Which of the following structures makes Gram=negative cells more impervious to some antimicrobial drugs?
Outer membrane
Cell membrane
Periplasmic space
Cell wall
Outer membrane
Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis Provide a site for energy reactions
Aid in motility
To maintain the structural strength of the cell
A barrier between the internal an
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
Which phrase means that a cell can have various shapes?
Variability
Pleomorphic
Coccobacillus
Pleomorphic
A tightly coiled helical bacterium is described as a(n) _____.
Spirochete
Which of the following describe flagella are attached at one or both ends of a bacterium?
Peritrichous
Lophotrichous
Polar
Amphitrichous
Polar
Which of the following describe flagella at both poles?
Amphitrichous
_____ cells are metabolically active and reproducing, while in contrast _____ are produced by some bacteria when they experience harsh environments such as nutrient starvation.
Vegetative, Endospore
Which is the dormant survival state in endospore-forming bacteria?
Endospore
Vegetative state
Endospore
The _____ of the Gram-negative cell envelope provides protection against some antimicrobial chemicals.
Outer membrane
Which of the following structures is found external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses?
Capsule
Flagella
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Which of the following is an environmental barrier? Capsule
Flagella
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Capsules protect bacteria against _____.
Phagocytes
The_____ prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure.
Slime layer
Capsule
Biofilm
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx
Cell wall
Place the steps of endospore formation into the correct order (from stimulus to mature endospore). Synthesis of spore layers
Sporangium engulfs forespore
Septation of cell
Deposition of cortex and outer coat layers
Mature endospore formed
DNA replication
DNA replication
Septation of cell
Sporangium engulfs forespore
Synthesis of spore layers
Deposition of cortex and outer coat layers
Mature endospore formed
Some bacteria are covered with a loose shield called a _____ that protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients.
Slime layer
Lysozyme digests _____ in the bacterial cell wall. Lipopolysaccharides
Teichoic acids
Peptidoglycans
Phospholipids
Peptidoglycans
Which structure is most closely associated with biofilm formation?
Endospores
Slime layer
Cell membrane
Slime layer
The _____ is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity of the organism.
Capsule
When conditions are favorable, endospores enter the _____ cycle.
Lytic
Lysogenic
Sporulation
Germination
Germination
The function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall includes:
Movement of cations in and out of the cell
Cell wall enlargement
Cell wall maintenance
Attachment to substrates or other cells
Response to external stimuli
Movement of cations in and out of the cell
Cell wall enlargement
Cell wall maintenance
Gram-_____ cell walls are thinner than Gram-_____ cell walls.
Negative, Positive
The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.
Plasma
Outer
Nuclear
Cytoplasmic
Outer
The _____ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.
Mycoplasma
Which of the following structures makes Gram-negative cells more impervious to some antimicrobial drugs?
Cell membrane
Periplasmic space
Cell wall
Outer membrane
Outer membrane
Capsules protect bacteria against _____.
Phagocytes
Which of the following structures is found external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses?
Capsule
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Flagella
Capsule
A(n) _____ forms from a complex association of microorganisms that grow on a surface or tissue matrix.
Biofilm
The _____ prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure.
Plasma membrane
Biofilm
Glycocalyx
Capsule
Slime layer
Cell wall
Cell wall
What are advantages of endospore formation?
The endospore provides protection in dry conditions
The endospore provides cell shape
The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents
The endospore allows faster cell replication
The endospore provides protection in dry conditions
The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents
In a _____ arrangement, flagella are attached at one or both ends of a bacterium.
Polar
_____ is the movement towards or away from light. Chemotaxis
Dethantaxis
Phototaxis
Phototaxis
The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.
Outer
A comma-shaped bacterium is specifically described as a(n) _____.
Vibrio
Which of the following are terms that represent cocci in groups?
Branching filaments
Vibrio
Tetrads
Staphylococci
Palisades
Stretococci
Micrococci
Spirochete
Tetrads, Staphylococci, Stretococci, Micrococci
Which of the following are types of flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum? Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Monotrichous
Peritirchous
Amphitrichous, Lophotrichous, Peritirchous
Which arrangement includes only a single flagellum?
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Monotrichous
Peritirchous
Monotrichous
True or False: Penicillin is an effective antibiotic against Mycoplasma.
False - Mycoplasma do not have cell walls and therefore, lack peptidoglycan, the target of penicillin.
The _____ _____ of the Gram-negative cell envelope provides protection against some antimicrobial chemicals.
Outer membrane
The prefix "diplo-" is used to indicate that the cells are arranged in:
Clusters
Chains
Tetrads
Pairs
Pairs
Cylindrical bacterial cells are called _____, whereas spherical bacterial cells are called_____.
Bacilli; Cocci
The prefix "_____" means "in grape-like clusters.
staphylo-
Which of the following are medically relevant endospore-producing genera?
Mycobacterium
Escherichia
Bacillus
Clostridium
Bacillus, Clostridium
Tears and saliva contain the enzyme ____ which digests peptidoglycans and down bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme
Small, bristlelike structures on the surface of bacteria that are involved in adhesion are called:
pili
flagella
fimbriae
axial filaments
Fimbriae
Pili are typically used for:
motility
structural
protection
conjugation
Conjugation
Identify which of the following are external structures used primarily for interactions with other cells.
Cilia
Flagella
Pili
Fimbriae
Pili, Fimbriae
Which of the following are primarily used for motility?
Cilia
Flagella
Pili,
Fimbriae
Cilia, Flagella
A rigid, loosely twisted, helical bacterium is described as a(n) _____.
Spirillum
What is the correct term for describing very short, ovoid, rod-shaped bacterial cells?
Coccobacilli
Bacilli
Cocci
Coccobacilli
The main function of fimbriae is _____.
Attachment
The size of the ribosome in a prokaryote is
70S
In a prokaryote, the small subunit is a _____S ribosome and the large subunit is a _____S ribosome.
Thirty, Fifty
Twisting or flexing of spirochete bacteria is attributed to its:
internal cilia
pilus
axial filaments
fimbriae
Axial filaments
Gram-positive cells that have lost their cell wall are called _____.
Protoplasts
Fungal spores function in _____, while bacterial spores function in _____.
Reproduction; Protection
One type of inclusion body found in bacterial cells is a(n) _____.
Granule
The spore-forming bacteria associated with tetanus is
Clostridium tetani
The spore-forming bacteria associated with botulism is
Clostridium botulinum
_____ _____ is the spore-forming rod shaped bacteria that causes anthrax.
Bacillus anthracis
The _____ is a coating of protective macromolecules located outside of the cell envelope.
Outer membrane
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Glycocalyx
Glycocalyx
Which of the following is NOT a function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall includes:
Exchange of DNA with other cells
Cell wall enlargement
Cell wall maintenance
Movement of cations in and out of the cell
Exchange of DNA with other cells
The outer membrane of a gram-negative cell contains:
lipopolysaccharide
teichoic acid
peptidoglycan
lipoproteins
lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins
Which causes primary atypical ("walking") pneumonia?
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma
When a bacterial cell loses its cell wall, it is known as a(n):
L form
Vegetative cell
Endospore
Mycoplasma
L form
True or False: Mycoplasmas naturally lack a cell wall.
True
What is the function(s) of the porin proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells?
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Release into the host during infection causing fever and shock
Control the transport of substances i
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Control the transport of substances into the cell
A(n) _____ is a cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells.
Sarcina
What structures are parts of a flagellum in prokaryotes?
Basal body, Hook, Filament
Gram-negative cells that have lost their cell wall are called _____.
Spheroplasts
As a group, the _____ all lack a true peptidoglycan cell wall structure.
Archaea
What is the purpose of mycolic acid in the mycobacterial cell wall?
It helps large molecules pass through the cell wall
It makes the cell wall more permeable to water
Increases resistance to certain chemicals and dyes
Increases resistance to certain chemicals and dyes
_____ describes the arrangement of flagella distributed all over the bacterial cell.
Peritrichous
The flagellar hook is anchored to the bacterial cell by the flagellar _____ _____.
Basal body
Which of the following describe a cluster of flagella emerging from the same site?
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Lophotrichous
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Which of the following represent arrangements of cocci?
Palisades
Streptococci
Tetrads
Sarcina
Streptococci, Tetrads, Sarcina
Which term specifically describes the cubical arrangement of 4 cocci?
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Tetracocci
Tetrad
What is the function(s) of the porin proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells?
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Release into the host during infection causing fever and shock
Form communicating junctions between
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Control the transport of substances into the cell
Which is the active, growing state of endospore-forming bacteria?
Sporulating
Vegetative
Vegetative
Which of the following groups lacks peptidoglycans in their cell walls?
Archaea
What cell envelope component is NOT a static structure?
Nuclear membrane
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Peptidoglycan
Cell membrane
True or False: The cell wall is a static structure.
True
In bacteria it is believed that cell shape is stabilized by a cytoskeleton composed of a bacterial _____. Myosin
Actin
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Keratin
Actin
Which of the following are terms that represent cocci in groups?
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Tetrads
Vibrio
Palisades
Spirochete
Branching filaments
Micrococci
Staphylococci, Streptococci, Tetrads, Micrococci
According to the fluid mosaic model, the lipid bilayer is embedded with numerous globular _____.
Proteins
Endotoxin is toxic to:
human and other mammalian cells
gram-positive and gram-negative cells
gram-positive cells, gram-negative cells
Human and other mammalian cells
Which of the following describe a cluster of flagella emerging from the same site?
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Lophotrichous
What structures are parts of a flagellum in prokaryotes?
Basal body
Filament
Centrioles
Periplasmic space
Hook
Basal body, Filament, Hook
A tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as a _____ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as _____.
Lophotrichous, Peritrichous
Which of the following are NOT internal components of a prokaryotic cell?
Ribosome
Inclusions
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton,
Pili
Glycocalyx
Endospore
Fimbriae
Cell membrane, Pili, Glycocalyx, Fimbriae
A(n) _____ is an extrachromosomal piece of bacterial DNA that contains genes not essential for cell growth.
Plasmid
Most bacteria possess _____ chromosome(s).
One
The _____ _____ stain is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy.
Acid fast
Which of the following describe a random arrangement of flagella distributed all over the bacterial cell?
Monotrchous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous
True or False: Bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants than vegetative cells.
True
Which of the following are functions of glycocalyx? Protection, Adherence, Provides nutrition, Reproduction
Protection, Adherence
Prokaryotes with peptidoglycans in their cell walls are classified as ______.
Bacteria
True or False: The cell wall of mycobacteria contains peptidoglycan.
True-The cell wall of mycobacteria contains peptidoglycan and mycolic acid.
The _____ space is located between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria.
Periplasmic
The bulk of the Gram-positive cell wall is the homogeneous sheath of _____.
Phosppholipid
Cellulose
Lipopolysaccharide
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
True or False: Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the Gram-negative cell wall.
True
Which of the following is an external component of a prokaryotic cell?
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Glycocalyx
Endospore
Cytoplasmic matrix
Glycocalyx
_____ is the process of endospore formation.
Sporulation
Which of the following are characteristics inherent to life?
Growth and development
Metabolism
Heredity
Sexual Reproduction
Growth and development, Metabolism, Heredity
Prokaryotes with peptidoglycans in their cell walls are classified as _____.
Bacteria
Which of the following are characteristics of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
They may possess a cell wall
They possess chromosomes
They lack a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
They have phospholipids in their cell membrane
They may possess a cell wall
They possess chromosomes
They have phospholipids in their cell membrane
Cytoplasmic _____ store inorganic compounds, glycogen, fat, or other aggregated metabolic products.
Inclusions
Viruses are not considered living things because they only show signs of life when they are inside a host _____.
Cell
Cell breaking or rupturing is known as cell _____.
Lysis
Which of the following are examples of organelles? Vacuoles
Golgi apparatus
Prokaryotes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum
A chromosome is made of:
DNA
Carbohydrates
RNA
Lipids
DNA
Which of the following is considered to be the basic unit of life?
Tissue
Protein
Cell
DNA
Organism
Cell
The prefix "_____" means "in a chain".
Strepto-
A coccus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.
Rod
Sherical
Spiral
Spherical
_____ are corkscrew-shaped bacteria that possess periplasmic flagella and display a worm-like mode of locomotion.
Spirochetes
The cell envelope is composed of the cell _____ and the cell _____.
Membrane, Wall
Which organelle's small and large subunits are composed of Rrna and protein?
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Ribosome
Proteins are synthesized on the _____.
Ribosome
What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?
Vibrio
Irregular
Spiral
Bacillus
Coccus
Spiral, Bacillus, Coccus
A bacillus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.
Spiral
Rod
Spherical
Rod
The movement of an organism towards or away from a chemical stimulus is called _____.
Chemotaxis
The major structure component of the cell membrane is:
Nucleic acids
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Proteoglycans
Phospholipids
The exchange of DNA between bacterial cells is called _____.
Conjugation
Elongated, rigid tubes on gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are called:
slime layers
conjugation pili
sex fimbriae
axial filaments
Conjugation pili
The cell membrane surrounds a complex solution of organic materials and salts that is referred to as _____.
Cytoplasm
The two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are:
Slime layer, Capsules
A loose coating of macromolecules around a bacterial cell that provides protection and adherence to the environment is _____.
Glycocalyx
All cells contain which of the following characteristics?
Cell membrane
Flagella
Ribosomes
Organelles
Cell walls
Chromosomes
Cell membrane, Ribosomes, Chromosomes
The hereditary material of a bacterial cell is a single circular strand of DNA known as the bacterial _____.
Chromosome
Small proteinaceous appendages in gram-negative bacteria that function in DNA exchange are called conjugation _____.
Pili
Intracellular fluid is referred to as
Cytoplasm
Match each bacterial appendage with the correct function grouping:
Flagella, Pili, Cilia, Fimbriae;
Motility (long appendages), Attachment to other bacterial cells, Motility (short appendages), Attachment to surfaces
Flagella-Motililty (long appendages)
Pili-Attachment to other bacterial cells
Cilia�Motility (short appendages)
Fimbriae-Attachment to Surfaces
LPS is the abbreviation for _____.
Lipopolysaccharide
Only gram-_____ bacteria possess an outer membrane.
Negative
In the process of _____ reproduction, offspring are produced by combining sex cells of 2 parents, whereas the process of _____ reproduction creates new cells from one parent cell.
Sexual, Asexual
Which appendage provides motility?
Fimbriae
Flagellum
Pilus
Flagellum
What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not
A nucleus contains DNA whereas a nucleoid does not
Eukaryotes have a nucleus whereas prokaryotes have a nucleoid
A nucleoid
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not
Eukaryotes have a nucleus whereas prokaryotes have a nucleoid
The ribosome is made of a large and small subunit which come together to synthesize _____.
Protein
Multiple shapes and sizes among cell of the same species is called _____.
Pleomorphism
The depletion of nutrients is a stimulus for _____ in bacteria.
Sporulation
Sexual reproduction requires _____(number) parent cell(s) whereas asexual reproduction requires _____(number) parent cell(s).
2;1
A cell having a single, polar flagellum is described as having a _____ flagellar arrangement.
Monotrichous
Which structural differences are found in gram-positive cells but not in gram-negative cells? Peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane
Outer membrane
Single cell membrane
Single cell membrane *Both have peptidoglycan
The _____ is a network of actin and tubulin filaments that are found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and contribute to cell shape.
Cytoskeleton
All bacteria possess a cell _____ but not all bacteria possess a cell _____.
Membrane, Wall
Which of the following is a factor that stimulates endospore formation?
Excess moisture
Depletion of nutrients
Extreme temperature
UV radiation
Depletion of nutrients
_____ _____ is the spore forming anaerobic bacteria that causes gas gangrene.
Clostridium perfringens
The cell envelope of gram _____ bacteria is composed of an outer membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane.
Negative
A type of glycocalyx called the _____ protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients.
Slime layer
The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure.
Glycocalyx
The _____ is an extracellular material that is closely associated with biofilm formation.
Glycocalyx
Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis Provide a site for energy reactions
Aid in motility
To maintain the
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
True or False: The cell wall and the cytoskeleton maintains the structural strength of the cell.
True
True or False: Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic.
True-Mycoplasmas have no cell wall and therefore can have various shapes which is known as pleomorphism.
Which type of cell walls are thicker?
L forms
Gram-negative
Gram-positive
Gram-positive
During _____, bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to light.
Phototaxis
Peptidoglycans are components of the cell walls in _____.
Protozoans
Fungi
Archaeons
Bacteria
Bacteria
During the _____ cycle, bacteria are forming a dormant endospore.
Sporulation
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of _____.
Peptidoglycan
Pili are composed of the protein _____.
Pilin
Lysozyme digests _____ in the bacterial cell wall.
Peptidoglycans
A tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as a _____ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as _____.
Lophotrichous, Peritrichous
A glue-like type of glycocalyx called a(n) _____ is involved in the formation of plaque on the teeth and persistent infections of implanted medical devices.
Biofilm
What is the function(s) of the porin proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells?
Release into the host during infection causing fever and shock
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Form communicating junctions between
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Control the transport of substances into the cell
True or False: Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells.
False
Membranes are fluid, unlike cell walls which are rigid.
What is the glycocalyx?
The major component of the bacterial cell wall
An intracellular substance that confers antibiotic resistance to the cell
An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell
An enzyme present in the periplasmic space
An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell