Chapter 4: A Survey of Prokaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
Aid in motility
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
To maintain the

Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell

The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure

glycocalyx

A type of glycocalyx called the _____ protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients.
plaque
capsule
slime layer
biofilm

Slime layer

The ability of a cell to move or self-propel through an aqueous environment is known as _____.

Motility

Pili are made of the protein _____.
Pilin
keratin
actin
myosin

Pilin

Put the following steps of spore germination in order:
Enzymes digest the cortex and expose the core to water
Initiation by a specific germination agent
The core rehydrates
The cell becomes an active vegetative cell
The core takes up nutrients

Initiation by a specific germination agent
Enzymes digest the cortex and expose the core to water
The core rehydrates
The core takes up nutrients
The cell becomes an active vegetative cell

The inert, restive stage that is capable of resistance to harsh environmental conditions.

Endospore

The metabolically active and growing stage.

Vegetative cell

The _____ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.

Tenericutes

Which of the following structures makes Gram=negative cells more impervious to some antimicrobial drugs?
Outer membrane
Cell membrane
Periplasmic space
Cell wall

Outer membrane

Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis Provide a site for energy reactions
Aid in motility
To maintain the structural strength of the cell
A barrier between the internal an

Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell

Which phrase means that a cell can have various shapes?
Variability
Pleomorphic
Coccobacillus

Pleomorphic

A tightly coiled helical bacterium is described as a(n) _____.

Spirochete

Which of the following describe flagella are attached at one or both ends of a bacterium?
Peritrichous
Lophotrichous
Polar
Amphitrichous

Polar

Which of the following describe flagella at both poles?

Amphitrichous

_____ cells are metabolically active and reproducing, while in contrast _____ are produced by some bacteria when they experience harsh environments such as nutrient starvation.

Vegetative, Endospore

Which is the dormant survival state in endospore-forming bacteria?
Endospore
Vegetative state

Endospore

The _____ of the Gram-negative cell envelope provides protection against some antimicrobial chemicals.

Outer membrane

Which of the following structures is found external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses?
Capsule
Flagella
Cell wall
Cell membrane

Capsule

Which of the following is an environmental barrier? Capsule
Flagella
Cell wall
Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Capsules protect bacteria against _____.

Phagocytes

The_____ prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure.
Slime layer
Capsule
Biofilm
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Glycocalyx

Cell wall

Place the steps of endospore formation into the correct order (from stimulus to mature endospore). Synthesis of spore layers
Sporangium engulfs forespore
Septation of cell
Deposition of cortex and outer coat layers
Mature endospore formed
DNA replication

DNA replication
Septation of cell
Sporangium engulfs forespore
Synthesis of spore layers
Deposition of cortex and outer coat layers
Mature endospore formed

Some bacteria are covered with a loose shield called a _____ that protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients.

Slime layer

Lysozyme digests _____ in the bacterial cell wall. Lipopolysaccharides
Teichoic acids
Peptidoglycans
Phospholipids

Peptidoglycans

Which structure is most closely associated with biofilm formation?
Endospores
Slime layer
Cell membrane

Slime layer

The _____ is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity of the organism.

Capsule

When conditions are favorable, endospores enter the _____ cycle.
Lytic
Lysogenic
Sporulation
Germination

Germination

The function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall includes:
Movement of cations in and out of the cell
Cell wall enlargement
Cell wall maintenance
Attachment to substrates or other cells
Response to external stimuli

Movement of cations in and out of the cell
Cell wall enlargement
Cell wall maintenance

Gram-_____ cell walls are thinner than Gram-_____ cell walls.

Negative, Positive

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.
Plasma
Outer
Nuclear
Cytoplasmic

Outer

The _____ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.

Mycoplasma

Which of the following structures makes Gram-negative cells more impervious to some antimicrobial drugs?
Cell membrane
Periplasmic space
Cell wall
Outer membrane

Outer membrane

Capsules protect bacteria against _____.

Phagocytes

Which of the following structures is found external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses?
Capsule
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Flagella

Capsule

A(n) _____ forms from a complex association of microorganisms that grow on a surface or tissue matrix.

Biofilm

The _____ prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure.
Plasma membrane
Biofilm
Glycocalyx
Capsule
Slime layer
Cell wall

Cell wall

What are advantages of endospore formation?
The endospore provides protection in dry conditions
The endospore provides cell shape
The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents
The endospore allows faster cell replication

The endospore provides protection in dry conditions
The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents

In a _____ arrangement, flagella are attached at one or both ends of a bacterium.

Polar

_____ is the movement towards or away from light. Chemotaxis
Dethantaxis
Phototaxis

Phototaxis

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.

Outer

A comma-shaped bacterium is specifically described as a(n) _____.

Vibrio

Which of the following are terms that represent cocci in groups?
Branching filaments
Vibrio
Tetrads
Staphylococci
Palisades
Stretococci
Micrococci
Spirochete

Tetrads, Staphylococci, Stretococci, Micrococci

Which of the following are types of flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum? Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Monotrichous
Peritirchous

Amphitrichous, Lophotrichous, Peritirchous

Which arrangement includes only a single flagellum?
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Monotrichous
Peritirchous

Monotrichous

True or False: Penicillin is an effective antibiotic against Mycoplasma.

False - Mycoplasma do not have cell walls and therefore, lack peptidoglycan, the target of penicillin.

The _____ _____ of the Gram-negative cell envelope provides protection against some antimicrobial chemicals.

Outer membrane

The prefix "diplo-" is used to indicate that the cells are arranged in:
Clusters
Chains
Tetrads
Pairs

Pairs

Cylindrical bacterial cells are called _____, whereas spherical bacterial cells are called_____.

Bacilli; Cocci

The prefix "_____" means "in grape-like clusters.

staphylo-

Which of the following are medically relevant endospore-producing genera?
Mycobacterium
Escherichia
Bacillus
Clostridium

Bacillus, Clostridium

Tears and saliva contain the enzyme ____ which digests peptidoglycans and down bacterial cell walls.

Lysozyme

Small, bristlelike structures on the surface of bacteria that are involved in adhesion are called:
pili
flagella
fimbriae
axial filaments

Fimbriae

Pili are typically used for:
motility
structural
protection
conjugation

Conjugation

Identify which of the following are external structures used primarily for interactions with other cells.
Cilia
Flagella
Pili
Fimbriae

Pili, Fimbriae

Which of the following are primarily used for motility?
Cilia
Flagella
Pili,
Fimbriae

Cilia, Flagella

A rigid, loosely twisted, helical bacterium is described as a(n) _____.

Spirillum

What is the correct term for describing very short, ovoid, rod-shaped bacterial cells?
Coccobacilli
Bacilli
Cocci

Coccobacilli

The main function of fimbriae is _____.

Attachment

The size of the ribosome in a prokaryote is

70S

In a prokaryote, the small subunit is a _____S ribosome and the large subunit is a _____S ribosome.

Thirty, Fifty

Twisting or flexing of spirochete bacteria is attributed to its:
internal cilia
pilus
axial filaments
fimbriae

Axial filaments

Gram-positive cells that have lost their cell wall are called _____.

Protoplasts

Fungal spores function in _____, while bacterial spores function in _____.

Reproduction; Protection

One type of inclusion body found in bacterial cells is a(n) _____.

Granule

The spore-forming bacteria associated with tetanus is

Clostridium tetani

The spore-forming bacteria associated with botulism is

Clostridium botulinum

_____ _____ is the spore-forming rod shaped bacteria that causes anthrax.

Bacillus anthracis

The _____ is a coating of protective macromolecules located outside of the cell envelope.
Outer membrane
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Glycocalyx

Glycocalyx

Which of the following is NOT a function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall includes:
Exchange of DNA with other cells
Cell wall enlargement
Cell wall maintenance
Movement of cations in and out of the cell

Exchange of DNA with other cells

The outer membrane of a gram-negative cell contains:
lipopolysaccharide
teichoic acid
peptidoglycan
lipoproteins

lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins

Which causes primary atypical ("walking") pneumonia?
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma

When a bacterial cell loses its cell wall, it is known as a(n):
L form
Vegetative cell
Endospore
Mycoplasma

L form

True or False: Mycoplasmas naturally lack a cell wall.

True

What is the function(s) of the porin proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells?
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Release into the host during infection causing fever and shock
Control the transport of substances i

Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Control the transport of substances into the cell

A(n) _____ is a cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells.

Sarcina

What structures are parts of a flagellum in prokaryotes?

Basal body, Hook, Filament

Gram-negative cells that have lost their cell wall are called _____.

Spheroplasts

As a group, the _____ all lack a true peptidoglycan cell wall structure.

Archaea

What is the purpose of mycolic acid in the mycobacterial cell wall?
It helps large molecules pass through the cell wall
It makes the cell wall more permeable to water
Increases resistance to certain chemicals and dyes

Increases resistance to certain chemicals and dyes

_____ describes the arrangement of flagella distributed all over the bacterial cell.

Peritrichous

The flagellar hook is anchored to the bacterial cell by the flagellar _____ _____.

Basal body

Which of the following describe a cluster of flagella emerging from the same site?
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Lophotrichous
Monotrichous

Lophotrichous

Which of the following represent arrangements of cocci?
Palisades
Streptococci
Tetrads
Sarcina

Streptococci, Tetrads, Sarcina

Which term specifically describes the cubical arrangement of 4 cocci?
Sarcinae
Tetrad
Tetracocci

Tetrad

What is the function(s) of the porin proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells?
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Release into the host during infection causing fever and shock
Form communicating junctions between

Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Control the transport of substances into the cell

Which is the active, growing state of endospore-forming bacteria?
Sporulating
Vegetative

Vegetative

Which of the following groups lacks peptidoglycans in their cell walls?

Archaea

What cell envelope component is NOT a static structure?
Nuclear membrane
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Peptidoglycan

Cell membrane

True or False: The cell wall is a static structure.

True

In bacteria it is believed that cell shape is stabilized by a cytoskeleton composed of a bacterial _____. Myosin
Actin
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Keratin

Actin

Which of the following are terms that represent cocci in groups?
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Tetrads
Vibrio
Palisades
Spirochete
Branching filaments
Micrococci

Staphylococci, Streptococci, Tetrads, Micrococci

According to the fluid mosaic model, the lipid bilayer is embedded with numerous globular _____.

Proteins

Endotoxin is toxic to:
human and other mammalian cells
gram-positive and gram-negative cells
gram-positive cells, gram-negative cells

Human and other mammalian cells

Which of the following describe a cluster of flagella emerging from the same site?
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous

Lophotrichous

What structures are parts of a flagellum in prokaryotes?
Basal body
Filament
Centrioles
Periplasmic space
Hook

Basal body, Filament, Hook

A tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as a _____ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as _____.

Lophotrichous, Peritrichous

Which of the following are NOT internal components of a prokaryotic cell?
Ribosome
Inclusions
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton,
Pili
Glycocalyx
Endospore
Fimbriae

Cell membrane, Pili, Glycocalyx, Fimbriae

A(n) _____ is an extrachromosomal piece of bacterial DNA that contains genes not essential for cell growth.

Plasmid

Most bacteria possess _____ chromosome(s).

One

The _____ _____ stain is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy.

Acid fast

Which of the following describe a random arrangement of flagella distributed all over the bacterial cell?
Monotrchous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Lophotrichous

Peritrichous

True or False: Bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants than vegetative cells.

True

Which of the following are functions of glycocalyx? Protection, Adherence, Provides nutrition, Reproduction

Protection, Adherence

Prokaryotes with peptidoglycans in their cell walls are classified as ______.

Bacteria

True or False: The cell wall of mycobacteria contains peptidoglycan.

True-The cell wall of mycobacteria contains peptidoglycan and mycolic acid.

The _____ space is located between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria.

Periplasmic

The bulk of the Gram-positive cell wall is the homogeneous sheath of _____.
Phosppholipid
Cellulose
Lipopolysaccharide
Peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan

True or False: Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the Gram-negative cell wall.

True

Which of the following is an external component of a prokaryotic cell?
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Glycocalyx
Endospore
Cytoplasmic matrix

Glycocalyx

_____ is the process of endospore formation.

Sporulation

Which of the following are characteristics inherent to life?
Growth and development
Metabolism
Heredity
Sexual Reproduction

Growth and development, Metabolism, Heredity

Prokaryotes with peptidoglycans in their cell walls are classified as _____.

Bacteria

Which of the following are characteristics of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
They may possess a cell wall
They possess chromosomes
They lack a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
They have phospholipids in their cell membrane

They may possess a cell wall
They possess chromosomes
They have phospholipids in their cell membrane

Cytoplasmic _____ store inorganic compounds, glycogen, fat, or other aggregated metabolic products.

Inclusions

Viruses are not considered living things because they only show signs of life when they are inside a host _____.

Cell

Cell breaking or rupturing is known as cell _____.

Lysis

Which of the following are examples of organelles? Vacuoles
Golgi apparatus
Prokaryotes
Endoplasmic reticulum

Vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum

A chromosome is made of:
DNA
Carbohydrates
RNA
Lipids

DNA

Which of the following is considered to be the basic unit of life?
Tissue
Protein
Cell
DNA
Organism

Cell

The prefix "_____" means "in a chain".

Strepto-

A coccus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.
Rod
Sherical
Spiral

Spherical

_____ are corkscrew-shaped bacteria that possess periplasmic flagella and display a worm-like mode of locomotion.

Spirochetes

The cell envelope is composed of the cell _____ and the cell _____.

Membrane, Wall

Which organelle's small and large subunits are composed of Rrna and protein?
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus

Ribosome

Proteins are synthesized on the _____.

Ribosome

What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?
Vibrio
Irregular
Spiral
Bacillus
Coccus

Spiral, Bacillus, Coccus

A bacillus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.
Spiral
Rod
Spherical

Rod

The movement of an organism towards or away from a chemical stimulus is called _____.

Chemotaxis

The major structure component of the cell membrane is:
Nucleic acids
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Proteoglycans

Phospholipids

The exchange of DNA between bacterial cells is called _____.

Conjugation

Elongated, rigid tubes on gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are called:
slime layers
conjugation pili
sex fimbriae
axial filaments

Conjugation pili

The cell membrane surrounds a complex solution of organic materials and salts that is referred to as _____.

Cytoplasm

The two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are:

Slime layer, Capsules

A loose coating of macromolecules around a bacterial cell that provides protection and adherence to the environment is _____.

Glycocalyx

All cells contain which of the following characteristics?
Cell membrane
Flagella
Ribosomes
Organelles
Cell walls
Chromosomes

Cell membrane, Ribosomes, Chromosomes

The hereditary material of a bacterial cell is a single circular strand of DNA known as the bacterial _____.

Chromosome

Small proteinaceous appendages in gram-negative bacteria that function in DNA exchange are called conjugation _____.

Pili

Intracellular fluid is referred to as

Cytoplasm

Match each bacterial appendage with the correct function grouping:
Flagella, Pili, Cilia, Fimbriae;
Motility (long appendages), Attachment to other bacterial cells, Motility (short appendages), Attachment to surfaces

Flagella-Motililty (long appendages)
Pili-Attachment to other bacterial cells
Cilia�Motility (short appendages)
Fimbriae-Attachment to Surfaces

LPS is the abbreviation for _____.

Lipopolysaccharide

Only gram-_____ bacteria possess an outer membrane.

Negative

In the process of _____ reproduction, offspring are produced by combining sex cells of 2 parents, whereas the process of _____ reproduction creates new cells from one parent cell.

Sexual, Asexual

Which appendage provides motility?
Fimbriae
Flagellum
Pilus

Flagellum

What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not
A nucleus contains DNA whereas a nucleoid does not
Eukaryotes have a nucleus whereas prokaryotes have a nucleoid
A nucleoid

A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not
Eukaryotes have a nucleus whereas prokaryotes have a nucleoid

The ribosome is made of a large and small subunit which come together to synthesize _____.

Protein

Multiple shapes and sizes among cell of the same species is called _____.

Pleomorphism

The depletion of nutrients is a stimulus for _____ in bacteria.

Sporulation

Sexual reproduction requires _____(number) parent cell(s) whereas asexual reproduction requires _____(number) parent cell(s).

2;1

A cell having a single, polar flagellum is described as having a _____ flagellar arrangement.

Monotrichous

Which structural differences are found in gram-positive cells but not in gram-negative cells? Peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane
Outer membrane
Single cell membrane

Single cell membrane *Both have peptidoglycan

The _____ is a network of actin and tubulin filaments that are found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and contribute to cell shape.

Cytoskeleton

All bacteria possess a cell _____ but not all bacteria possess a cell _____.

Membrane, Wall

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates endospore formation?
Excess moisture
Depletion of nutrients
Extreme temperature
UV radiation

Depletion of nutrients

_____ _____ is the spore forming anaerobic bacteria that causes gas gangrene.

Clostridium perfringens

The cell envelope of gram _____ bacteria is composed of an outer membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane.

Negative

A type of glycocalyx called the _____ protects the cell from dehydration and loss of nutrients.

Slime layer

The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure.

Glycocalyx

The _____ is an extracellular material that is closely associated with biofilm formation.

Glycocalyx

Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis Provide a site for energy reactions
Aid in motility
To maintain the

A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
Provide a site for energy reactions

True or False: The cell wall and the cytoskeleton maintains the structural strength of the cell.

True

True or False: Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic.

True-Mycoplasmas have no cell wall and therefore can have various shapes which is known as pleomorphism.

Which type of cell walls are thicker?
L forms
Gram-negative
Gram-positive

Gram-positive

During _____, bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to light.

Phototaxis

Peptidoglycans are components of the cell walls in _____.
Protozoans
Fungi
Archaeons
Bacteria

Bacteria

During the _____ cycle, bacteria are forming a dormant endospore.

Sporulation

The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of _____.

Peptidoglycan

Pili are composed of the protein _____.

Pilin

Lysozyme digests _____ in the bacterial cell wall.

Peptidoglycans

A tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as a _____ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as _____.

Lophotrichous, Peritrichous

A glue-like type of glycocalyx called a(n) _____ is involved in the formation of plaque on the teeth and persistent infections of implanted medical devices.

Biofilm

What is the function(s) of the porin proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells?
Release into the host during infection causing fever and shock
Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Form communicating junctions between

Defend the cell by blocking the entrance of harmful substances
Control the transport of substances into the cell

True or False: Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells.

False
Membranes are fluid, unlike cell walls which are rigid.

What is the glycocalyx?
The major component of the bacterial cell wall
An intracellular substance that confers antibiotic resistance to the cell
An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell
An enzyme present in the periplasmic space

An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell