acute
Which type of inflammation is triggered by infections, immune reactions, blunt/penetrating trauma, physical or chemical agents, and/or tissue necrosis?
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
vascular
What stage of acute inflammation includes vasodilation and vascular permeability?
cellular
What stage of acute inflammation includes adhesion and margination, transmigration, chemotaxis, activation, and phagocytosis?
heat, redness
what are the signs associated with the vascular stage of acute inflammation?
arterioles, capillaries, venules
The vascular stage of acute inflammation involves the vessels of microcirculation, which are:
vasodilation
The vascular stage of acute inflammation begins with vasoconstriction, followed quickly by ____ of arterioles and venules.
vascular permeability
During the vascular stage of acute inflammation ____ increases -> protein-rich fluid enters into the tissue/extravascular spaces.
Immediate transient response
Acute inflammation - Vascular stage - Which response?:
Following minor injury, is rapid, reversible, and short duration (15-30 minutes). Affects only venules
immediate sustained response
Acute inflammation - Vascular stage - Which response?:
Follows more serious injury, continues for several days, affects all vessels of microcirculation, and is due to direct damage of the endothelium?
Delayed hemodynamic response
Acute inflammation - Vascular stage - Which response?:
Begins after a delay of 2-12 hours, lasts several hours/days. Involves venules and capillaries, is associated with radiations injuries (eg sunburn)
neutrophils
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage: is responsible for delivery of leukocytes (mainly ____) to site of injury
margination
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
Leukocyte accumulation, caused by signalling between leukocytes and vascular endothelium is known as:
Cytokines
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
Cell communication molecules known as _____ are released, causing endothelial cells to express CAMs
tethering
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
Cytokines cause CAMs (such as selectins) to bind to carbohydrates on the leukocytes. This is known as:
adherence
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
Slowing down and stopping leads to ______ via ICAMs.
Transmigration
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
When leukocytes extend pseudopodia and move through the vessel wall, this is known as:
adhesion
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
The endothelial cells separate due to:
chemotaxis
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus is known as:
chemokines
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
Proteins that direct the trafficking of leukocytes are known as:
complement
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
Chemoattractant protein fragments made by the ____ system:
phagocytosis
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
____ is activated by neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue macrophages.
recognition, adherence
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
When specific receptors on phagocytic cells bind to a microbe to become activated, it is called:
engulfment
Acute inflammation - Cellular Stage:
When phagocytes surround and enclose the particle, this is known as:
Chemical mediators
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
the signs and symptoms of inflammation are caused by:
Plasma, cells
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Mediators can be derived from ___ or ____.
host proteins
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Production is triggered by microbes or:
short-lived
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Once activated and released, mediators are:
vasoactive amines
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Histamine and serotonin are both:
histamine, serotonin
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Which amines are stored in mast cells and other cells, and are the first to be released?
arachidonic acid metabolites
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
A fatty acid found in phospholipids of the cell membranes, which is released during injury and via inflammatory mediators is known as:
cyclooxygenase
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Arachidonic acid metabolites can be produced by two pathways, the _____ pathway leads to production of prostaglandins and thromboxane.
prostaglandins
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
____ induce vasodilation and bronchoconstriction, and inhibit inflammation.
Thromboxane
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
____ induces vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction, and promote platelet function
lipoxygenase
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Arachidonic acid metabolites can be produced by two pathways, the ____ pathway leads to the production of leukotrienes.
leukotrienes
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
____ induce smooth muscle contraction, constrict pulmonary airways, and increase microvascular permeability
corticosteroid
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
____ drugs block the inflammatory effects of both pathways, by blocking release of arachidonic acid
displacement
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Consumption of omega-3 and alpha-linolenic acid (flax seed, canola oil, etc) effectively reduce the amount of arachidonic acid via:
platelet-activating factor
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
A phospholipid-derived mediator with a broad spectrum of inflammatory effects, which activates platelets and most cells of the inflammatory response is:
Plasma protein
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
What mediates many responses in the inflammatory system, and belongs to: clotting, complement, and kinin systems?
fibrinopeptides
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Clotting system -> vascular phase via:
complement system
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Which system leads to vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and enhances activity of phagocytes?
vasoactive peptides
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Kinin system -> Makes ____ from plasma proteins.
Bradykinin
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
Kinin system leads to ____ -> increases vascular permeability, contracts smooth muscle, dilates blood vessels, and stimulates pain receptors.
cytokines
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory Mediators:
The hormone-like proteins that change the function of other cells are known as:
INF-(alpha), IL-1
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
Two major types of cytokines involved in inflammation are:
Chemokines
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
Small proteins that act as chemoattractants to recruit immune and inflammatory cells are known as:
chemotactic gradient
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
chemokines generate a _____ by binding to the surface of endothelial cell.
inflammatory, homing
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
The two main types of chemokines are:
Nitric oxide
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
What helps prevent inflammation by causing vasodilation and preventing leukocyte recruitment?
oxygen-derived free radicals
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
What can be released extracellularly by leukocytes and can combine with NO?
upregulate inflammation
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
A small amount of oxygen-derived free radicals can help:
damages surrounding cells
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
A large amount of oxygen-derived free radicals will:
serous exudates
Acute inflammation - Local Manifestations:
Watery fluids low in protein from plasma entering tissue are called:
hemorrhagic exudates
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
When RBCs escape from the blood and enter the tissue, these are known as:
Fibrinous exudates
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
These contain large amounts of fibrinogen which clot inside the tissue.
Membranous or pseudomembranous exudates
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
These exist on mucous membranes where necrotic cells become enmeshed in fibropurulent exudate
Purulent (suppurative) exudate
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
This contains pus (degraded WBCs, proteins, and tissues)
pyogenic
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
Term for pus forming:
abscess
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
A localized area of inflammation containing a purulent exudate is known as a:
ulceration
Acute inflammation - Inflammatory mediators:
When an area of epithelium at an inflammation site has eroded due to necrosis, this is known as:
resolution, progression, scarring and fibrosis
Acute inflammation - Resolution:
Three possible outcomes of acute inflammation are:
resolution
Replacement of any irreversibly injured cells, return of tissues to normal structure and function, apoptosis of neutrophils, and promotion of tissue growth are part of which acute inflammation outcome?