Spontaneous generation
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter
Biogenesis
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from pre-existing life
Francesco Redi Experiment
placed meat in a jar and covered one with fine net
Francesco Redi Results
maggots appeared in the uncovered jar; maggots did not appear in the covered jar
supported biogenesis
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
single lens microscope magnified up to 300x
discovered microbes that moved with a purpose and that he called "aminacules"
published findings of microbes in English Royal Society 1676
FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY
hindered microbiology by not telling people how t
Louis Jablot Experiment
had 2 nutrient broths that he placed in flask, heated, and then sealed one, but not the other
Louis Jablot Results
microbial growth occurred in the unsealed flask but not in the sealed one
supported biogenesis
John Needham Experiment
nutrient broth heated then placed in sealed flask
John Needham Results
microbial growth occurred in sealed flask
supported spontaneous generation
Lazzaro Spallanzani Experiment
nutrient broth placed in flask, boiled, then sealed
Lazzara Spallanzani Results
no microbial growth
supported biogenesis
Needham-Spallanzani debate
Needham argued that Spallanzani boiling the broth was too harsh and that he killed the "vital forces"
Spallanzani responded by unsealing the flask resulting in microbial growth
Joseph Priestly
discovered oxygen in 1774
required oxygen for all subsequent experiments
Theodore Schwann Experiment
air passed through flame-heated tube before entering flask
Theodore Schwann Results
no bacterial growth
supports biogenesis
proponents of spontaneous generation argues that "vital forces treated too harshly with heat
Franz Schultz Experiment
passed through strong chemicals before entering flask
Franz Schultz Results
no bacterial growth
supports biogenesis
proponents of spontaneous generation argues that "vital forces treated too harshly with strong chemicals
Schroder and Von Dusch Experiments
air passed through cotton plug before entering flask
Schroder and Von Dusch Results
no bacterial growth
supports biogenesis
"vital forces treated nicely
Louis Pasteur Experiment
placed nutrient solution in flasks with long, curved necks; boiled salutation and left flasks exposed to air; microbes stopped at curve and didn't get into flask
Louis Pasteur Results
no microbial growth
supported biogenesis
officially ended the argument between spontaneous generation and biogenesis
Pasteurization
high heat for a short time
kills spoilage organisms only
NOT a sterilization technique!!!
Pasteur produced vaccines against...
chicken cholera, rabies, anthrax
Ignaz Semmelweis
instituted handwashing with chlorinated lime solution reducing mother mortality rates to less than 1% in hospitals (the same as midwives ward)
fired for being disruptive for his cleanliness; later died in a mental institute from a streptococcus infection
What did Semmelweis discover to be the cause of the increased mortality rates among mothers in the hospital ward?
doctors would go from studying cadavers to birthing without washing hands in between.
bacterial infection, streptococcus, was causing puerperal sepsis in the mothers leading to 20x higher mortality rate in hospital ward compared to less than 1% in the mid
Joseph Lister
used a chemical disinfectant (phenol/carbonic acid) to prevent surgical wound infections
"father of antiseptic surgery
Steps Joseph Lister took to prevent surgical wound infection
1) heat surgical instruments
2) spray pt/bandages/etc with phenol
Florence Nightingale
pioneer of modern nursing; created the first nursing school
noted statistician; became 1st female member of the Royal Statisticians Society
documented unsanitary conditions in hospitals responsible for soldiers death during the Crimean War and implemented
Robert Koch
proved that bacillus anthracis caused anthrax and provided experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe caused a specific disease
Koch's Postulates (1)
the microbe must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
Koch's Postulates (2)
the suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
**
difficult in the beginning
**
Koch's Postulates (3)
The same disease must result when the isolated microbe is inoculated into a healthy host
Koch's Postulates (4)
the same microbe must be isolated again from the newly diseased host
What is used to isolate pure cultures?
Solid media
Pros and cons of using broth as a solid media
pros: contain many different types of microbes
cons: cannot get isolated INDIVIDUAL colonies
Pros and cons of using sliced potatos as a solid media
pros: can produce isolated individual colonies
cons: not a good substrate for many microbes
Pros and cons of using gelatin as a solid media
pros: good for isolation of individual colonies
cons: melted easily; many bacteria could digest it
Fannie Hess
- wife of Koch's lab assistant
- suggested the use of agar, an extract from red algae, as a form of solid media
Pros and cons of using agar as a solid media
pros: melted in boiling water, cooled to 40C before hardening, doesn't melt again until greater than 80C, not degraded by bacteria
cons: NONE
Richard Petri
- one of Koch's lab assistants
- developed the petri dish to store agar allowing for the isolation of pure cultures and stimulated progress in bacteriology
What diseases were discovered by Robert Koch?
anthrax, African sleeping sickness, malaria, and TB (which he won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for in 1905)
Immunology
the study of immunity
Edward Jenner
discovered vaccine for smallpox eventually eradicating the disease from the human population
How was the smallpox vaccine discovered?
Jenner discovered that people who were exposed to cowpox were immune to small pox. Jenner inoculated a boy with a very low dose of cowpox by scratching pus from a cowpox scar on to the boy. The boy did not develop any symptoms of cowpox but later Jenner i
Smallpox
AKA variola virus
largest and most complex human disease virus
high mortality rates and very infectious; if you survived infection you were immune forever
stopped vaccinating in 1972
Chemotherapy
medical treatment with chemicals
Chemotherapeutic agents can be...
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
Antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
Alexander Fleming
discovered the first antibiotic on accident in 1928
originally was working with staphylococcus from wound infections
went out of town, came back and found that the Penicillium fungus made the antibiotic penicillin that killed staphylococcus aureus
Penicillin
first antibiotic discovered
clinically tested and mass produced in 1940's
used in WW2 to treat wounded soldiers for bacterial infections