Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy
The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
Physiology
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Six levels of organization
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
i miss silly nervous elephants circulating in really digusting unique rain
Organ Systems
skin
protects deeper tissue from injury
Integumentary
muscle
allows manipulation
produces heat
Muscularskeletal
skeleton
protects and supports body organs
provides framework
Skeletal
nerves
control system of the body
Nervous
circulation"
heart/blood vessels
blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide nutrients wastes
Circulatory
immune"
lymph nodes
white blood cells/immune system
Immune
oxygen
lungs
keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Respiratory
digest food"
breaks food down
Digestive
urine"
eliminates nitrogen containing waste
regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance in the blood
Urinary
glands"
secrete hormones
Endocrine
reproduce"
penis/vagina
Reproductive
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Must make really digging metal elephants real great
Life functions
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Appropriate temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Survival needs
regulation of the bodies internal environment
Homeostasis
keeps our bodies balanced
Importance of Homeostasis
stabilizes the regulated variable
Negative feedback
stuff" of the universe; anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
ability to do work
Energy
substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means
Element
two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically
Molecule
two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically
salts, carbon dioxide, water
Compound
smallest stable unit of matter; building blocks of elements
Atom
positively charged in the nucleus
Protons
uncharged in the nucleus
subatomic particle with a neutral charge
Neutrons
negatively charged, orbiting the nucleus
Electrons
equal to the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom
Atomic Number
sum of the protons and neutrons
Atomic mass number
do not form bonds
Stable elements
share a pair of electrons
single, double, and triple bonds
polar vs nonpolar molecules
Covalent bonds
giving and taking of electrons
attraction between ions with opposite charges
cation- electron donor, positively charged
anion- electron receiver, negatively charged
always polar
only form with metals
Ionic bonds
weak bond between hydrogen atom and negative portion or polar molecule
provides attraction between molecules
found between: water molecules, amino acids in a protein shape, two strands of DNA molecule holding it together
Hydrogen
high heat capacity
polarity
chemical reactivity
cushioning
What properties of water make it important to all living systems
more hydrogen
release hydrogen ions
Acid
less hydrogen
accepts hydrogen
Base
it is a solution that resist large changes in PH
Buffer
a buffer solution absorbs more hydrogen ions
Too much acid
a buffer solution releases more hydrogen ions
Too much base
all elements are based on carbon
Why is carbon so important
associated with all living organisms
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Organic compounds
lack carbon, simple small molecules
water, salts
Inorganic compounds
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Four main classes of organic molecules
a molecule that can combine with other molecules
Monomers
chainlike molecule
Polymer
sugars
Saccharides
usually ends with "ose"
made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
primary energy of the body
Carbohydrate
fats
steroids
phospholipids
Lipids
made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
nonpolar and insoluble in water
fats and oils
Fats
Hormones
Steroids
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tails
Phospholipids
it is the functional group of amino acids, and they determine the protein monomers
deciphers which one is which
Why are R groups important
Peptide bonds
What type of of bond joins amino acids together?
they break down food, perform useful bodily functions
Why are the 20 basic amino acids important
salmon, tofu, beef, collagen, actin, elastin
What are some examples of protein
the amino acid sequence
How does the shape of a protein determine its function?
speeds up chemical processes
digest food
Enzymes
genetic information
DNA
covert info stored in DNA to proteins
RNA
DNA->RNA
Transcription
RNA->protein
Translation
a cell is the smallest unit of life that can function and do all life functions including reproducing itself
Cell theory
...
Fluid Mosaic model
barrier of the cell
"traffic control
Plasma Membrane
Control center, contains genetic material
"mayor of the city
Nucleus
the goo
cytosol
inclusions
organelles
Cytoplasm
powerhouses, supply ATP
Mitochondria
Network of sacs and tubules in cytoplasm used for transporting substances in the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
transports proteins
studded with ribosomes
Rough ER
detox of drugs and pesticides
Smooth ER
use RNA to make proteins
Ribosomes
sorts and ships out proteins
Golgi apparatus
sac of digestive enzymes
break stuff down
Lysosomes
detox harmful and poisonous substances
Peroxisomes
internal framework
Cytoskeleton
Actin filament
Microtubule
Intermediate filament
What are cytoskeletons made of
movement of molecules/ions from high to low concentration
Diffusion
unassisted diffusion
no energy
Simple diffusion
when molecules are too big to pass through the membrane (glucose).
no energy
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion of water
selectively permeable membrane
No energy
Osmosis
forced passage of water and solutes through a membrane due to pressure
kidneys
Filtration
uses energy (ATP) to energize pumps to move substances against their concentration.
low to high
creates disequal
uses energy
Active transport
uses ATP to move substances into or out of cells without crossing the plasma membrane
uses energy
Vesicular transport
out
hormones, mucous,
Exocytosis
in
moves substances into cells
Endocytosis
Tight junction
Desmosome (anchoring)
Gap junction
Three membrane junctions
Epithelial (covering)
Connective (connects)
Nervous (control, nerves)
Muscle (movement)
Elephants can not mate
4 major tissue types
lining, covering
protection
absorption
filtration
secretion
Epithelial
flattened
absorption
filtration
secretion
Simple squamous
cube shaped
secretion
absorption
Simple cuboidal
column
secretion
absorption
Simple columnar
lines body cavities
lungs and capillaries
Location of simple squamous
glands and ducts
walls of kidneys
covers ovaries
Location of simple cuboidal
lines digestive tract
Location of simple columnar
single layer, but looks like a lot
absorption or secretion
Pseudostratified Columnar
respiratory tract
Location of Pseudostratified Columnar
flattened
protective covering
Stratified Sqaumous
Outer portion of skin
lining of mouth and esophagus
Location of Stratified Sqaumous
modified stratified squamous epithelium
functions in stretching and ability to return to normal shape
Transitional
Lines organs in urinary
Location of Transitional
Make and secrete a product made of proteins
endocrine glands
exocrine glands
Glandular epithelium
hormones diffused into blood
thyroid
Endocrine glands
sweat, oil on skin
Exocrine glands
connects body parts
Connective tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Dense
Loose
Blood
Bo Ca De Lo Blo
5 types of connective tissue
protection
made of osteocytes
Bone
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline
Cartilage
Ear
Elastic cartilage
spine
Fibrocartilage
larynx, ribs to breast bone, ends of many bones at joints
Hyaline cartilage
dense" "hard"
Tendons
Ligaments
Dermis
Dense connective
attaches skeletal muscles to bones
Tendons
bones to bones at joints
Ligaments
lower skin
Dermis
loose" "softer"
areolar
adipose
reticular
Loose connective tissue
cobwebby"
protects organs
glue
Areolar tissue
fat
fuel storage
Adipose tissue
network of interwoven fibers
stroma= inside of lymphoid organ
Reticular connective tissue
transport nutrients, oxygen, waste
Blood
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Three types of muscle tissue
pull bones for moving
Skeletal muscle
found only in heart
used to contract the heart
Cardiac Muscle
walls of hollow organs
Smooth muscle