19th century
1800s
Agricultural Revolution
(mid 1700s- 1800s) the transformation of agriculture from traditional medieval farming to more productive, efficient, and mechanical methods of farming through scientific innovation and new techniques
coal
a black or dark brown rock that burns easily when set on fire
efficient
operating well without much waste
factory
a building or set of buildings where products are made by machines
finished/manufactured good
products that are ready to be sold to customers
Great Britain
the main island of the United Kingdom, located off the northwest coast of France and occupied by England, Scotland, and Wales; Great Britain
Industrial Revolution
the period in which the production of goods shifted from hand production methods to complex machines. This period of industrialization resulted in social and economic changes. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain around 1750. The process of
industrialization
the process of developing manufacturing on a large scale
innovation
a new method of addressing a problem
laborer
someone who works
manufacturing
the process of making a large number of something
mechanization
the process of making something more mechanical or automatic by introducing machines
merchant
a person who is involved in trade
middle class
a social group between the upper class and working class, usually made up of professional and business workers and their families
mining
the act or business of digging up coal, ore, or other minerals in a mine
natural resource
materials the occur in nature and can be used for economic gain (to make money) like forests, water, fertile land, oil, or coal
raw material
an item (usually a natural resource) used to create manufactured goods
steam engine
a machine that heats water, then uses resulting steam to move machinery. Though other invented the steam engine, James Watt's version of it was popular during the Industrial Revolution.
surplus
an amount that goes beyond what is needed
textile
cloth, or woven fabric
urban
having to do with a city
urbanization
the process of making an area more city-like
working class
a social group lower than the middle class, usually made up of people who earned a living through manual labor and earned a low age
rural
relating to farm areas and life in the country
Enclosure Movement
the process of making common land into private land, owned by a farmer. The land was then fenced in, or enclosed. Sometimes an individual bought the land from a town or the government of the town decided to enclose the common itself.
Common Lands
Prior to the Agricultural Revolution, most western European villages traditionally set aside these fields, accessible to all in the community, to be used as pasture for livestock and for the production of hay
Four crop rotation
An agricultural technique that involves rotating four different crops through a field to prevent soil depletion.