Age of St. Bernard
Refers to the middle of the twelth century during which St. Bernard of Clairvaux exhibited enormous influence through his counseling of rulers, bishops and popes. (pg 319)
Carolingian
The French dynasty of rulers descended from Charlemagne. (pg 319)
Carthusians
A monastery in the French Alps of Chartreuse. (pg 315)
Cistercians
So called "White Monks," after the color of their habits, this order was founded by the Cluniac monk St. Robert of Molesme in 1098. (pg 319)
Cluny
City in east-central France which gave birth to monastic reform in 910. (pg 319)
Concordat of Worms
It ended the investiture matter with a new understanding between the Church and the Holy Roman Empire. (pg 309)
Constitutions of Claredon
It was asserted in 1164 when the king tried to gain control over the revenues of episcopal sees and abbeys and sought to control the election of all abbots and bishops. (pg 309)
Dictatus Papae
Decree given by Pope St. Gregory VII asserting that the pope possesses specific powers given by God that rested on him alone. (pg 319)
Feudalism
System that came to organize the politics, economy, and social life of Medieval Europe after the split of the Carolingian empire. (pg 319)
Frederick I, Barbarossa
The father of Frederick II of Germany. (pg 312)
Henry IV
The Holy Roman Emperor who was deposed and excommunicated by Pope St. Gregory VII. (pg 306)
Lanfranc
He became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. (pg 303)
Lay Investiture
The appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers, often in exchange for temporal protection. (pg 319)
Louis the Pious
Charlemagne's son who succeeded Charlemagne after his death. (pg 289)
Nepotism
From the Italian nepate, "nephew" and Latin nepos, "grandson." (pg 319)
Otto the Great
The Saxon ruler who formed the Holy Roman Empire. (pg 300)
Pope John XII
He was elected pope at 18. He was deposed by Otto I for abusing power as pope. (pg 290)
Serf
The majority of people within feudalism. (pg 319)
Simony
The selling of ecclesiastical offices, pardons, or emoluments by etheir secular or spiritual leaders. (pg 319)
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
The second founder of the order of the Cistercians. (pg 313)
Treaty of Verdun
Signed in 843, the treaty divided the Carolingian empire into three sections, which led to the eventual destruction of Charlemagne's empire. (pg 319)
Vassal
In feudalism, those under the rule of the lord who paid him in labor or services. (pg 319)
Vicar of Christ
Title used by Pope Innocent III rather than the earlier title, Vicar of St. Peter. (pg 319)
Vikings
Norsemen who originated in Scandinavia they wreaked havoc on Europe for nearly 300 years starting in the late eighth century. (pg 293)
William the Conqueror
King of England from 1066 to 1087. He succeeded to the throne of England by right of conquest by winning the Battle of Hastings in October of 1066. (pg 304)