Henry VII
1485-1509, New Monarch in England
Henry VIII
1509-1547, Church of England
Edward VI
1547-1553, weak and sickly son
Mary I
1553-1558, Catholicism
Elizabeth I
1558-1603, balanced power between Protestants and Catholics,
James I
1603-1625, divine right of kings, created tensions for English Civil War
Charles I
1625-1649, deposed and beheaded in 1649 because fought with Parliament, created forces for English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
1649-1658, Lord Protector (puritans)
Charles II
1660-1685, restored English monarchy, was an effective ruler, created balance of power with Parliament
James II
1685-1688, Catholic, tried to force toleration and was deposed, Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
1689-1702, after Glorious Revolution, accepted Bill of Rights
Charles VII
1422-1461, New Monarch in France
Francis I
1515-1547, Habsburg-Valois wars
Henry IV
1589-1610, Henry of Navarre, settles Wars of Religion with Edict of Nantes (1598)
Louis XIII
1610-1643, begins French absolutism, *Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV
1643-1715, Sun King, *Colbert
Louis XV
1715-1774, continues French absolutism, ruled during Enlightenment
Pope Leo X
1513-1521, Renaissance Pope, Michelangelo, symbol of excesses of Renaissance popes
Pope Paul III
1534-1549, Counter Reformation, Council of Trent
Pope Alexander VI
1492-1503, Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Ferdinand and Isabella
1474-1516, New Monarchs, unified/created Spain, Reconquista
Charles V
1519-1556, Global Monarch (King of Spain and HRE), fought against the Ottomans and the Reformation
Philip II
1556-1598, monarch during height of Spain, sent Spanish Armada
Prince Henry
1394-1460, the Navigator, Exploration, maritime advance
Maria Theresa
1740-1780, set up Austria as an effective state
Joseph II
1780-1790, Enlightened despot, set up Austria as an effective state
Charles V
1519-1556, HRE, had power because of holdings (half of Europe, i.e. King of Spain), Habsburg, Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Charles VI
1711-1740, Pragmatic Sanction
Ivan III
1462-1505, consolidates Muscovite princes, gets rid of Mongols
Ivan IV
1583-1594, the Terrible, first Czar, consolidated monarchy
Peter the Great
1689-1725, builds Russian absolutist state, westernizes Russian nobility
Catherine the Great
1762-1796, Enlightened despot, division of Poland
Michael Romanov
1613-1645, establishes Romanov dynasty, is elected to power
Frederick William I
1713-1740, Soldier King
Frederick the Great
1740-1786, Enlightened despot, uses army to double the size of Prussia
Frederick William
1640-1688, the Great Elector, takes Prussia from a minor state to an effective, powerful state, joins Brandenburg and Prussia, gets King title for descendents