Blood accounts for roughly ____ of body mass
___ L in males
___ L females
8%
5-6
4-5
Why does blood account for more male body mass?
Because there is more male musculature to profuse with blood
Circulation of blood - pumped away from heart via ________
Branch into arterioles then capillaries where (gas) ________ exchange takes place, out of the blood into different areas of the body
Capillaries merge into veins to ___________________
arteries
O2/CO2
return blood to heart
Other functions of blood:
-Hormone ________
-Body's_____ system
-Regulation of_______
-Hormone transport
-Body's defense system
-Regulation of body temperature
What is plasma?
The liquid component of blood
Three types of solid specialized cells in plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes
-ex
-specialized for______ transport
Red blood cells (RBCs)
Specialized for O2 transport
Leukocytes
-ex
-immune system's__________ unit; fight off_____
White blood cells (WBCs)
Immune systems mobile defense units; fight off anything not supposed to be there
Platelets
-cell______
-important in the blood________
Cell fragments (not full cells, fragments of larger cell that breaks apart)
Important in the blood clotting cascade
Blood contains
cellular and liquid components
-centrifugation
-hematocrit
Centrifugation: to separate the two parts by spinning
-Heavier elements (by force of gravity)
-Less dense elements
-Heavier elements (RBCs) packed toward bottom
-Less dense elements (plasma) remain at top
After centrifugation, there is thin layer between plasma and RBC made up of
WBC in the buffy coat
Hematocrit
(packed cell volume [PCV]): percentage of blood volume that consists of RBCs
PCV
Height of red blood cells in test tube divided by the entire liquid length
Blood plasma
-color
-_______ fluid
-90 %_______
Straw-colored, sticky fluid (90% water)
Blood plasma contains over 100 different molecules
(Na+, Cl-, simple sugars, AAs, lipids, urea, ammonia, CO2, O2, hormones, vitamins)
Three groups of plasma proteins
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Albumin
-Most...
-Determines osmotic pressure of blood to keep water from
-Most abundant
-diffusing into tissues and into the capillaries for reabsorption
Globulins
-example
-transporter of (3)
-clotting factors initiate...
-Antibodies
-Transport of lipids, iron, copper
-Clotting factors (clotting cascade) initiate huge reaction to form blood clot
Fibrinogen
Blood clotting cascade
Serum =
plasma - clotting factors
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Most
numerous element in blood (25 trillion in healthy adult)
___________ new RBCs made per day
250 billion
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Contains no
Nucleus, organelles or ribosomes
Since RBC"s have no nucleus, they have no.....
No organelles means can only make energy through ......... No mitochondria means no ............
With or without oxygen?.....
No ribosome means can't make .........
DNA
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic
Proteins
Erythrocytes (RBCs): More room for packing the cytoplasm with
hemoglobin for carrying/binding O2 and re cell will transport hemoglobin bound to the oxygen throughout the entire circulatory system
Erythrocytes (RBCs): _______ in shape
Biconcave
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Surface area for diffusion of
O2 across membrane to bind with hemoglobin
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Flexible membrane allows RBC to travel through
capillary without rupturing
Hemoglobin shape
-________ structure
-How many out together?
Quaternary structure, 4 put together
Hemoglobin found only in
RBCs
Hemoglobin composed of two parts
Heme group
Global portion
Heme groups
-Four iron containing, non-protein groups
-Each iron atom binds one O2 molecule
Globin portion
Protein composed of four highly folded peptide chains
Hemoglobin: Primary role is to transport
O2
Oxidation of iron atom in hemoglobin gives blood its
-Also involved with
Red color
CO2 transport
If no oxygen bound to heme group..
Color will appear crimson red (deoxygenated) no iron bound
When iron is oxydized, oxygen bound to iron makes
Bright red blood
RBCs pick up O2 in pulmonary capillaries and release it in
Systemic capillaries
Process of oxygen and CO2 in systemic circulation
Oxygen will then bind to the hemoglobin in the red cell, red cell will then go to left side of heart to be pumped to the end of the systemic circuit and eventually into the systemic capillaries. once red cell in SC it will deliver the oxygen it has been b
RBC: Biconcave shape provides 30% more
surface area than sphere of same volume (pack more oxygen in quicker)
RBC: All energy produced via
anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
RBC's live for
100-200 days
Erythropoiesis: formation of RBCs in
bone marrow of sternum, ribs, pelvis, long bones of extremities
Erythropoiesis process
First step: Pluripotent stem cell
-Has ability to become a lot of different.......depending on.......
-In marrow, becomes.......
-Has ability to become a lot of different cells in the body depending on external factors around it.
-In marrow, becomes red cells.
Erythropoiesis process
Second step: Pluripotent cell becomes...
Goes into myeloid stem cell.
Erythropoiesis process
Third step: Starts to become erythroblast, an...
-blast means....
-has two things
-Immature red blood cell
-immature cell.
-Has nucleus and organelles.
Erythropoiesis process
Fourth step: Next becomes....which expels.....
-Reticulocyte which is stage where red blood cell will expel its nucleus and organelles.
Erythropoiesis process
Final step:Finally forms mature...
Red blood cell. Ready to enter circulatory system.
RBC's Expel nucleus and organelles before entering
blood thru discontinuous capillaries
Control of erythropoiesis: When there is reduced O2 delivery (not enough oxygen carried in blood) blood goes to the kidneys stimulate the release of
Erythropoietin hormone (Look at this slide for steps)
Control of erythropoiesis: Erythropoietin hormone will travel from kidney out to the__________ and will stimulate bone marrow to speed up________ or increase number of______________
bone marrow; erythropoiesis; red blood cells that are developing.
Control of erythropoiesis: More red blood cells go to blood which will increase....
Carrying capacity of oxygen.
(The more red blood cells, the more oxygen we can carry)
Control of erythropoiesis: This mechanism is what kind of feedback system?
Negative feedback system.
Blood doping: Enhancing the O2 carrying capacity of blood in order to
gain a competitive advantage
Blood doping: Process:
-blood is...
-then is _____ to separate blood and plasma
-plasma ______ immediately
-RBC's two steps before competitive event
450 - 1800 mL blood drawn, then centrifuged to separate blood and plasma---plasma reinfused immediately, RBCs frozen----- RBCs reinfused 1 to 7 days before competitive event
Blood doping: Erythropoietic activity restores
-also....
RBC count in the interim
Undetectable
Blood doping: Benefits _________ most
Illegal in
endurance athletes because rely on aerobic metabolism and need lots of oxygen in blood to do do
tour de france, college, olympics
What effect would infusing too many RBC's have on blood flow?
More red blood cells makes the blood more viscous (more soupy), makes blood thicker. If thicker, slows down blood flow.
RBCs have very specific surface antigens on plasma membrane that vary depending on
blood type
One's blood type is the type of
antigen that you have on the surface of your red blood cell
Antigen is a marker on the
cell membrane that is recognized by an antibody (on outside of red blood cell)
Body destroys cells with antigens that do not
match its own
Type A blood contains
--Plasma contains
A antigens
anti-B antibodies
Type B blood contains
--Plasma contains
B antigens
anti-A antibodies
Type AB blood contains
--Plasma contains
both A and B antigens
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Type O blood contains
--Plasma contains
neither A nor B antigens
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
(MOST COMMON)
Type A plasma contains antibodies (anti-B antigens) that will attack
type B antigens (type B blood does opposite)
Any blood that does not belong with antigens other than the ones you have, your body will
Go into attack mode, anything not belonging marked and aimed for destruction
Blood transfusions must use
compatible blood with the recipient
If incompatible, recipients antibodies will
react with donors antigens
Incompatibility results in
agglutination (clumping) of attacked RBCs that can plug small vessels
Two ways to donate blood
RBC's or plasma
Universal donor of RBCs
0
Universal recipient of RBCs =
type AB (recipient makes no antibodies of their own to attack donor's RBC antigens)
-can get red blood cells from anybody because recipient does not make any antibodies
Universal donor of plasma =
type AB (donor plasma has no antibodies to attack recipient's own RBC antigens)
-can give plasma to anyone because it does not have any antibodies
Universal recipient of plasma =
type O (recipient's own RBCs have no antigens for donor antibodies to attack)
-can receive plasma from anyone because don't have any antigens to go and attack
Third way to transfuse blood
Transfuse whole blood transfuse both RBC and plasma, there has to be a perfect match.
Ex: If you are Type A and you need whole blood, you have to receive blood from someone else that was also Type A
With red cells or plasma, can get or receive from anyone
Leukocytes: White blood cells
are the mobile defense system of the body
WBC: Less numerous than
RBCs (35 billion in healthy adult)
Leukocytes: Spherical in shape and contain all the
normal organelles
Unlike RBCs, WBC function outside bloodstream in loose
connective tissues where infections are most likely to occur, outside the circulatory system
What can cause an infection?
Pathogens cause disease causes infection.
Injured cells around injured site will release..... to diffuse towards..... and those signals attract....
chemical signals; capillaries; white blood cells in the capillary.
White blood cells then squeeze thru capillary
endothelial cells and into tissues where white blood cells can chew up whatever is causing the damage like bacteria
WBC: Originate in marrow and release
continuously into blood
Marrow also stores WBCs to be released during
serious infection
Clinicians count WBCs for evidence of (>11,000/uL, 55 billion total)
infection; elevated amount of WBC's
Leukocytes: Neutrophils
-highly mobile..... that destroy...
-has one single....connected by....
-migrate towards...
-Highly mobile phagocytes that destroy bacteria
-has one single nucleus connected by bands
-migrate towards infection site caused by bacteria
Leukocytes: Eosinophils
-End allergic reactions by phagocytizing______ once they are marked and bound y and bound to __________
-Attach to parasitic worms and release
-allergens; antibodies
-chemicals to kill infection
Leukocytes: Basophils
-Similar to mast cells found only in the
-Release __________ in response to injured tissue (results in ______ to increase blood flow near injured tissue)
-best way to make tissue healthy is to
-tissues
-histamine; vasodilation
-profuse with blood
Leukocytes: Monocytes
-Transform into________ upon reaching
-chew up anything not suppose to be_______
-macrophages (phagocytic specialists); destination tissue
-out in the tissue
Leukocytes: Lymphocytes
-B lymphocytes make
-T lymphocytes punch holes in virus- or cancer-infected cell's membrane, then inject
-antibodies to label anything that needs to be chewed up by eosinophils
-chemicals to signal cell to undergo apoptosis (kill itself)
T lymphocytes sometimes punch holes in _______ by accident, which is why....
Transplanted cells attacked by mistake, like when transplanted organs are rejected this is why, recognize its foreign to the host
Relative percentages of WBC's in buffy coat after centrifuge
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils (50%)
Lymphocytes (40%)
Monocytes (5%)
Eosinophils (4%)
Basophils (1%)
Platelets 2
Disc-shaped, plasma membrane enclosed fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm
Platelets: Lack
-Contains organelles and cytosolic enzymes for generating__________ and synthesizing_______ involved in _________
nuclei
-energy and synthesizing secretory products involved in blood clotting process
Platelets 1/10 - 1/20 as abundant as
RBCs
Hemostasis - stoppage of bleeding: Prevents blood loss from
broken vessel
Hemostasis - stoppage of bleeding: Three steps:
-Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
-Formation of a platelet plug
-Blood coagulation (clotting)
Hemostasis: Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
-Intrinsic response by __________ which release _____________ to constrict damaged blood vessel
-Reduces blood flow thru
-Endothelial cells; endothelin
-Damaged vessel
Hemostasis: Formation of a platelet plug
-Platelets aggregate on contact with exposed
-Platelets release chemicals so nearby platelets become
-type of feedback_______ more cells will_________
-collagen in damaged wall of vessel
- "sticky" in same spot to plug
-positive feedback; adhere
Hemostasis: Blood coagulation (clotting)
- Transformation of blood from
liquid into a solid gel
Blood coagulation (clotting): Reinforces platelet plug and converts blood in
vicinity of vessel injury into nonflowing gel
12 clotting factors are always present in blood plasma in
inactive precursor form
Inactive precursor form: Vessel damage that exposes collagen initiates cascade of reactions that involve
successive activation of clotting factors
Inactive precursor form: Leads to final conversion of fibrinogen into a
stabilized fibrin mesh which trade red blood cells
Clot dissolution: Clot slowly dissolved by
plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme
Plasmin travels through blood all the time, in _____form
Inactive
Plasminogen is the inactive precursor for
plasmin
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from tissues prevents
unwanted clot activity ("clot buster" during heart attack)
Use tPA to activate plasminogen into plasmin to chop up fibrin which will
Release that clot and will dissolve
tPA busts down clot to restore
Blood flow to the heart
Bruise healing - after clot dissolution by plasmin,
phagocytic removal of debris
Blood accounts for roughly ____ of body mass
___ L in males
___ L females
8%
5-6
4-5
Why does blood account for more male body mass?
Because there is more male musculature to profuse with blood
Circulation of blood - pumped away from heart via ________
Branch into arterioles then capillaries where (gas) ________ exchange takes place, out of the blood into different areas of the body
Capillaries merge into veins to ___________________
arteries
O2/CO2
return blood to heart
Other functions of blood:
-Hormone ________
-Body's_____ system
-Regulation of_______
-Hormone transport
-Body's defense system
-Regulation of body temperature
What is plasma?
The liquid component of blood
Three types of solid specialized cells in plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes
-ex
-specialized for______ transport
Red blood cells (RBCs)
Specialized for O2 transport
Leukocytes
-ex
-immune system's__________ unit; fight off_____
White blood cells (WBCs)
Immune systems mobile defense units; fight off anything not supposed to be there
Platelets
-cell______
-important in the blood________
Cell fragments (not full cells, fragments of larger cell that breaks apart)
Important in the blood clotting cascade
Blood contains
cellular and liquid components
-centrifugation
-hematocrit
Centrifugation: to separate the two parts by spinning
-Heavier elements (by force of gravity)
-Less dense elements
-Heavier elements (RBCs) packed toward bottom
-Less dense elements (plasma) remain at top
After centrifugation, there is thin layer between plasma and RBC made up of
WBC in the buffy coat
Hematocrit
(packed cell volume [PCV]): percentage of blood volume that consists of RBCs
PCV
Height of red blood cells in test tube divided by the entire liquid length
Blood plasma
-color
-_______ fluid
-90 %_______
Straw-colored, sticky fluid (90% water)
Blood plasma contains over 100 different molecules
(Na+, Cl-, simple sugars, AAs, lipids, urea, ammonia, CO2, O2, hormones, vitamins)
Three groups of plasma proteins
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Albumin
-Most...
-Determines osmotic pressure of blood to keep water from
-Most abundant
-diffusing into tissues and into the capillaries for reabsorption
Globulins
-example
-transporter of (3)
-clotting factors initiate...
-Antibodies
-Transport of lipids, iron, copper
-Clotting factors (clotting cascade) initiate huge reaction to form blood clot
Fibrinogen
Blood clotting cascade
Serum =
plasma - clotting factors
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Most
numerous element in blood (25 trillion in healthy adult)
___________ new RBCs made per day
250 billion
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Contains no
Nucleus, organelles or ribosomes
Since RBC"s have no nucleus, they have no.....
No organelles means can only make energy through ......... No mitochondria means no ............
With or without oxygen?.....
No ribosome means can't make .........
DNA
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic
Proteins
Erythrocytes (RBCs): More room for packing the cytoplasm with
hemoglobin for carrying/binding O2 and re cell will transport hemoglobin bound to the oxygen throughout the entire circulatory system
Erythrocytes (RBCs): _______ in shape
Biconcave
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Surface area for diffusion of
O2 across membrane to bind with hemoglobin
Erythrocytes (RBCs): Flexible membrane allows RBC to travel through
capillary without rupturing
Hemoglobin shape
-________ structure
-How many out together?
Quaternary structure, 4 put together
Hemoglobin found only in
RBCs
Hemoglobin composed of two parts
Heme group
Global portion
Heme groups
-Four iron containing, non-protein groups
-Each iron atom binds one O2 molecule
Globin portion
Protein composed of four highly folded peptide chains
Hemoglobin: Primary role is to transport
O2
Oxidation of iron atom in hemoglobin gives blood its
-Also involved with
Red color
CO2 transport
If no oxygen bound to heme group..
Color will appear crimson red (deoxygenated) no iron bound
When iron is oxydized, oxygen bound to iron makes
Bright red blood
RBCs pick up O2 in pulmonary capillaries and release it in
Systemic capillaries
Process of oxygen and CO2 in systemic circulation
Oxygen will then bind to the hemoglobin in the red cell, red cell will then go to left side of heart to be pumped to the end of the systemic circuit and eventually into the systemic capillaries. once red cell in SC it will deliver the oxygen it has been b
RBC: Biconcave shape provides 30% more
surface area than sphere of same volume (pack more oxygen in quicker)
RBC: All energy produced via
anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)
RBC's live for
100-200 days
Erythropoiesis: formation of RBCs in
bone marrow of sternum, ribs, pelvis, long bones of extremities
Erythropoiesis process
First step: Pluripotent stem cell
-Has ability to become a lot of different.......depending on.......
-In marrow, becomes.......
-Has ability to become a lot of different cells in the body depending on external factors around it.
-In marrow, becomes red cells.
Erythropoiesis process
Second step: Pluripotent cell becomes...
Goes into myeloid stem cell.
Erythropoiesis process
Third step: Starts to become erythroblast, an...
-blast means....
-has two things
-Immature red blood cell
-immature cell.
-Has nucleus and organelles.
Erythropoiesis process
Fourth step: Next becomes....which expels.....
-Reticulocyte which is stage where red blood cell will expel its nucleus and organelles.
Erythropoiesis process
Final step:Finally forms mature...
Red blood cell. Ready to enter circulatory system.
RBC's Expel nucleus and organelles before entering
blood thru discontinuous capillaries
Control of erythropoiesis: When there is reduced O2 delivery (not enough oxygen carried in blood) blood goes to the kidneys stimulate the release of
Erythropoietin hormone (Look at this slide for steps)
Control of erythropoiesis: Erythropoietin hormone will travel from kidney out to the__________ and will stimulate bone marrow to speed up________ or increase number of______________
bone marrow; erythropoiesis; red blood cells that are developing.
Control of erythropoiesis: More red blood cells go to blood which will increase....
Carrying capacity of oxygen.
(The more red blood cells, the more oxygen we can carry)
Control of erythropoiesis: This mechanism is what kind of feedback system?
Negative feedback system.
Blood doping: Enhancing the O2 carrying capacity of blood in order to
gain a competitive advantage
Blood doping: Process:
-blood is...
-then is _____ to separate blood and plasma
-plasma ______ immediately
-RBC's two steps before competitive event
450 - 1800 mL blood drawn, then centrifuged to separate blood and plasma---plasma reinfused immediately, RBCs frozen----- RBCs reinfused 1 to 7 days before competitive event
Blood doping: Erythropoietic activity restores
-also....
RBC count in the interim
Undetectable
Blood doping: Benefits _________ most
Illegal in
endurance athletes because rely on aerobic metabolism and need lots of oxygen in blood to do do
tour de france, college, olympics
What effect would infusing too many RBC's have on blood flow?
More red blood cells makes the blood more viscous (more soupy), makes blood thicker. If thicker, slows down blood flow.
RBCs have very specific surface antigens on plasma membrane that vary depending on
blood type
One's blood type is the type of
antigen that you have on the surface of your red blood cell
Antigen is a marker on the
cell membrane that is recognized by an antibody (on outside of red blood cell)
Body destroys cells with antigens that do not
match its own
Type A blood contains
--Plasma contains
A antigens
anti-B antibodies
Type B blood contains
--Plasma contains
B antigens
anti-A antibodies
Type AB blood contains
--Plasma contains
both A and B antigens
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Type O blood contains
--Plasma contains
neither A nor B antigens
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
(MOST COMMON)
Type A plasma contains antibodies (anti-B antigens) that will attack
type B antigens (type B blood does opposite)
Any blood that does not belong with antigens other than the ones you have, your body will
Go into attack mode, anything not belonging marked and aimed for destruction
Blood transfusions must use
compatible blood with the recipient
If incompatible, recipients antibodies will
react with donors antigens
Incompatibility results in
agglutination (clumping) of attacked RBCs that can plug small vessels
Two ways to donate blood
RBC's or plasma
Universal donor of RBCs
0
Universal recipient of RBCs =
type AB (recipient makes no antibodies of their own to attack donor's RBC antigens)
-can get red blood cells from anybody because recipient does not make any antibodies
Universal donor of plasma =
type AB (donor plasma has no antibodies to attack recipient's own RBC antigens)
-can give plasma to anyone because it does not have any antibodies
Universal recipient of plasma =
type O (recipient's own RBCs have no antigens for donor antibodies to attack)
-can receive plasma from anyone because don't have any antigens to go and attack
Third way to transfuse blood
Transfuse whole blood transfuse both RBC and plasma, there has to be a perfect match.
Ex: If you are Type A and you need whole blood, you have to receive blood from someone else that was also Type A
With red cells or plasma, can get or receive from anyone
Leukocytes: White blood cells
are the mobile defense system of the body
WBC: Less numerous than
RBCs (35 billion in healthy adult)
Leukocytes: Spherical in shape and contain all the
normal organelles
Unlike RBCs, WBC function outside bloodstream in loose
connective tissues where infections are most likely to occur, outside the circulatory system
What can cause an infection?
Pathogens cause disease causes infection.
Injured cells around injured site will release..... to diffuse towards..... and those signals attract....
chemical signals; capillaries; white blood cells in the capillary.
White blood cells then squeeze thru capillary
endothelial cells and into tissues where white blood cells can chew up whatever is causing the damage like bacteria
WBC: Originate in marrow and release
continuously into blood
Marrow also stores WBCs to be released during
serious infection
Clinicians count WBCs for evidence of (>11,000/uL, 55 billion total)
infection; elevated amount of WBC's
Leukocytes: Neutrophils
-highly mobile..... that destroy...
-has one single....connected by....
-migrate towards...
-Highly mobile phagocytes that destroy bacteria
-has one single nucleus connected by bands
-migrate towards infection site caused by bacteria
Leukocytes: Eosinophils
-End allergic reactions by phagocytizing______ once they are marked and bound y and bound to __________
-Attach to parasitic worms and release
-allergens; antibodies
-chemicals to kill infection
Leukocytes: Basophils
-Similar to mast cells found only in the
-Release __________ in response to injured tissue (results in ______ to increase blood flow near injured tissue)
-best way to make tissue healthy is to
-tissues
-histamine; vasodilation
-profuse with blood
Leukocytes: Monocytes
-Transform into________ upon reaching
-chew up anything not suppose to be_______
-macrophages (phagocytic specialists); destination tissue
-out in the tissue
Leukocytes: Lymphocytes
-B lymphocytes make
-T lymphocytes punch holes in virus- or cancer-infected cell's membrane, then inject
-antibodies to label anything that needs to be chewed up by eosinophils
-chemicals to signal cell to undergo apoptosis (kill itself)
T lymphocytes sometimes punch holes in _______ by accident, which is why....
Transplanted cells attacked by mistake, like when transplanted organs are rejected this is why, recognize its foreign to the host
Relative percentages of WBC's in buffy coat after centrifuge
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils (50%)
Lymphocytes (40%)
Monocytes (5%)
Eosinophils (4%)
Basophils (1%)
Platelets 2
Disc-shaped, plasma membrane enclosed fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm
Platelets: Lack
-Contains organelles and cytosolic enzymes for generating__________ and synthesizing_______ involved in _________
nuclei
-energy and synthesizing secretory products involved in blood clotting process
Platelets 1/10 - 1/20 as abundant as
RBCs
Hemostasis - stoppage of bleeding: Prevents blood loss from
broken vessel
Hemostasis - stoppage of bleeding: Three steps:
-Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
-Formation of a platelet plug
-Blood coagulation (clotting)
Hemostasis: Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
-Intrinsic response by __________ which release _____________ to constrict damaged blood vessel
-Reduces blood flow thru
-Endothelial cells; endothelin
-Damaged vessel
Hemostasis: Formation of a platelet plug
-Platelets aggregate on contact with exposed
-Platelets release chemicals so nearby platelets become
-type of feedback_______ more cells will_________
-collagen in damaged wall of vessel
- "sticky" in same spot to plug
-positive feedback; adhere
Hemostasis: Blood coagulation (clotting)
- Transformation of blood from
liquid into a solid gel
Blood coagulation (clotting): Reinforces platelet plug and converts blood in
vicinity of vessel injury into nonflowing gel
12 clotting factors are always present in blood plasma in
inactive precursor form
Inactive precursor form: Vessel damage that exposes collagen initiates cascade of reactions that involve
successive activation of clotting factors
Inactive precursor form: Leads to final conversion of fibrinogen into a
stabilized fibrin mesh which trade red blood cells
Clot dissolution: Clot slowly dissolved by
plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme
Plasmin travels through blood all the time, in _____form
Inactive
Plasminogen is the inactive precursor for
plasmin
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from tissues prevents
unwanted clot activity ("clot buster" during heart attack)
Use tPA to activate plasminogen into plasmin to chop up fibrin which will
Release that clot and will dissolve
tPA busts down clot to restore
Blood flow to the heart
Bruise healing - after clot dissolution by plasmin,
phagocytic removal of debris