Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a membrane through the lipid bilayer
Hypertonic
Having greater concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell shrinks.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell Expands.
Isotonic
Having an equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Ideal (perfect) conditions. Cell remains normal.
Vacuole
Storage vesicle for water, food, wastes other substances. 1 large vacuole in plants, many small vacuoles in animals.
Nucleus
Controls all cell activities and protein production.
Contains the DNA and nucleolus.
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Cell liquid in which chemical reactions occur. Supports & protects the organelles. Allows for movement of materials in the cell.
Mitochondria
Converts glucose into ATP (energy a cell can use) in the process of cellular respiration.
Cell/Plasma/Lipid Membrane
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Helps give shape and structure to the cell and maintains homeostasis.
A double-layered lipid membrane that surrounds the cell.
Cell Wall
Provides support and protection for the cell.
Rigid external layer of a plant cell (cellulose), bacteria (glycoproteins), or fungi (chitin) that is outside the cell membrane.
Chloroplast
Converts light energy into glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll giving plants their green color.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Passageways where compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported.
Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex
Collects, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids made by the E.R.
Prokaryote
Unicellular. Lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.
Eukaryote
Unicellular or multicellular. Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Equilibrium / Homeostasis
A state of balance in which there is little or no total change.
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown food and wastes. Involved in apoptosis.
Nucleolus
Synthesizes ribosomes. Found in the nucleus.
Vesicle
Small package of nutrients, proteins, wastes, or water created by the golgi.
Cell
The basic unit of all living things. The smallest unit of life.
Organism
A complete living thing
Ribosome
Synthesizes proteins. Mostly found on the rough E.R. but can also be in the cytoplasm.
Tissue
A collection of similar cells that perform a specific job.
Light Microscope
Basic microscope that uses light and mirrors to magnify small objects.
Specialization
Cells that do only one special job.
Cell Division
Cell splitting into two new cells.
Multi-cellular
Made of more than one cell.
Nuclear membrane/envelope
Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. Surrounds the nucleolus and DNA.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes lipids for use in the cell membrane and other parts of the cell. Transports materials around the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains most of the cells ribosomes which synthesize proteins. Transports materials around the cell.
Synthesize
To make
Organelle
Little organs" that make up the cell working together for the survival and function of the cell.
Unicellular
Made of 1 cell.
Electron Microscope
Uses accelerated electrons to illuminate (light up) very small objects.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Inventor of the first microscopes. 1600's.
Robert Hooke
Gave cells their name (cells). 1600's.
Matthias Schleiden
Botatnist (studied plants) who said all plants are made of cells.. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schwann. 1800's.
Theodore Schwann.
Physiologist (studied animal cells) who said all animals are made of cells. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schleiden. 1800's.
Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Active Transport
Movement of particles from low to high concentration across the membrane that requires energy (ATP).
Passive Transport
Movement of particles from high to low concentration across the membrane (no energy needed).
Phospholipid Membrane
Cell membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins (transport), cholesterol, and aquaporins..
Pore
A small opening (hole) to allow materials to pass in and out of an area.
Passive
No energy needed to allow material passage.
Regulate
Control.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water.
Hydrophobic
Repelled by water.
Plant Cell
1 large vacuole.
Chloroplasts
Cell wall (cellulose)
Animal Cell
Many small vacuoles
Cell membrane only
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Phospholipid
Makes up the cell membrane. Composed of a phosphate 'head' (hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid 'tails' (hydrophobic).
Semi-permeable
Allows some materials (not all) to pass through.
Selective permeability
The ability to decide which particles enter and leave a cell.
Solution
Solute + solvent
Solute
Particles dissolved in a liquid (solvent)
Solvent
A liquid particles (solute) are dissolved in
Permeability
How well a substance can pass through something.
[cyto]Lysis
Cell bursting (exploding)
Endocytosis
Taking things in from the surrounding environment by creating a vesicle.
Exocytosis
Getting rid of wastes into the surrounding environment by expelling a vesicle.
Pinocytosis
Taking in water from the environment via endocytosis. Cell drinking.
Phagocytosis
Taking in food from the environment via endocytosis. Cell eating.
Osmotic solution
The solution outside a cell.
Homeostasis
The tendency of a system to maintain internal stability or balance.
Chlorophyll
The green pigment (color) in chloroplasts that absorbs the energy from light. Gives plants their green color.