Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a membrane through the lipid bilayer
Hypertonic
Having greater concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell shrinks.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell Expands.
Isotonic
Having an equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Ideal (perfect) conditions. Cell remains normal.
Vacuole
Storage vesicle for water, food, wastes other substances. 1 large vacuole in plants, many small vacuoles in animals.
Nucleus
Controls all cell activities and protein production. Contains the DNA and nucleolus.
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Cell liquid in which chemical reactions occur. Holds and cushions the organelles.
Mitochondria
Converts glucose into ATP (energy a cell can use) in the process of cellular respiration.
Cell Membrane
A double-layered lipid membrane that surrounds the cell. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cell Wall
Rigid external layer of a plant cell (cellulose), bacteria (glycoproteins), or fungi (chitin) that is outside the cell membrane.
Chloroplast
Converts light energy into glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll giving plants their green color.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Passageways where compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported.
Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex
Collects, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids made by the E.R.
Prokaryote
Unicellular. Lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.
Eukaryote
Unicellular or multicellular. Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown food and wastes. Involved in apoptosis.
Vesicle
Small package of nutrients, proteins, wastes, or water created by the golgi.
Cell
The basic unit of all living things. The smallest unit of life.
Ribosome
Synthesizes proteins. Mostly found on the rough E.R. but can also be in the cytoplasm.
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Cell Division
Cell splitting into two new cells.
Multi-cellular
Made of more than one cell.
Nuclear membrane/envelope
Surrounds the nucleolus and DNA. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes lipids for use in the cell membrane and other parts of the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains most of the cells ribosomes which synthesize proteins.
Organelle
Little organs" that make up the cell working together for the survival and function of the cell.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Inventor of the first microscopes. 1600's.
Robert Hooke
Gave cells their name (cells). 1600's.
Matthias Schleiden
Botatnist (studied plants) who said all plants are made of cells.. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schwann. 1800's.
Theodore Schwann.
Physiologist (studied animal cells) who said all animals are made of cells. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schleiden. 1800's.
Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cilia
Small hairs on a cells surface that wave back and forth allowing the cell to move.
Flagella
A whip-like structure on a cell that 'whips' back and forth allowing the cell to move (e.g. sperm cell).
Active Transport
Movement of particles from low to high concentration across the membrane that requires energy (ATP).
Passive Transport
Movement of particles from high to low concentration across the membrane (no energy needed).
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport through the membrane with the use of protein channels. Some channels are specific while others are not.
Centriole
Helps align chromosomes during cell division (animal cells only).
Microtubules/Microfilaments
Small, thin proteins that help support and give structure to a cell. A cells cytoskeleton.
Passive
No energy needed to allow material passage.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water.
Hydrophobic
Repelled by water.
Plant Cell
1 large vacuole.
Chloroplasts
Cell wall (cellulose)
Animal Cell
Many small vacuoles
Cell membrane only
Centrioles
Phospholipid
Makes up the cell membrane. Composed of a phosphate 'head' (hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid 'tails' (hydrophobic).
Semi-permeable
Allows some materials (not all) to pass through.
Selective permeability
The ability to decide which particles enter and leave a cell.
Cholesterol
Stiff sterol lipid in the cell membrane that provides strength and rigidity.
Endocytosis
Taking things in from the surrounding environment by creating a vesicle.
Exocytosis
Getting rid of wastes into the surrounding environment by expelling a vesicle.