The Enlightenment
-shift to rational, scientific approach to religious, political, social and economic issues
-liberty, self determination, and progress led to democracy and secular
-consisent belief systems become fragmented
French Revolution
-break with the traditional art patronage, variety of styles developed simultaneously
-artists freed from constraints of traditional patronage
Neoclassicism
new classicism; revival of classical Greek and Roman art forms
-reaction against excesses of Baroque and Rococo
-first political art movement
Neoclassicism Paintings
-rational, geometric structure in composition
-strong horizontal and vertical lines
-figures in classical dress
-subject matter= roman history
Neoclassicism Architecture
-arches, portico, columns, domes
-Federal or Jeffersonian style
Romanticism
-opposite reaction to Enlightenment, power of reason
-literary/artistic movement aimed at asserting the validity of subjective experience as a countermovement to cold formulas of Neoclassicism
The Academy
-taught members classical technique and elevated subject matter
-institionalized Neoclassic and romantic art
Realism
the art movement characterized by the idea that ordinary people and everyday activites are worthy subjects for art; real human experience and observation without idealism
Impressionism
an art movement characterized by painting of casual subjects that were executed outside using divided brush strokes to capture the light and mood of a particular moment and the transitory effects of natural light and color; impressions of what the eye act
Post Impressionism
an art movement in reaction to what artists saw as the somewhat formless and aloof quality of impressionist art; significance of form, symbols, expressiveness, and psychological intensity
Expressionists
artists within the post impressionist movement that wanted to make thoughts and feelings visible; emotional expression with strong color contrast, shapes with clear contours, and bold brush work
Formalists
artists within the post impressionist movement who were interested in developing formal structure and wanted to achieve structured clarity of design, based on observation of nature with visibly separate bruck strokes
Seurat
the artist that set out to systemize the optical color mixing of impressionism and to create more solid, formal organization of simple shape; formalist/pointillist
Pointillism
aka divisionism; the system of painting using tiny dots or points of color developed by Seurat
Cezanne
an artist who went beyond the appearance of nature to reconstruct according to own interpretation; interplay between the illusion of depth and the fact of strokes of color on flat surface; he abandoned the cues of depth; formalist
Van Gogh
an artist that made painting move from an outer impression of what the eyes see to an inner expression of what the heart feels and the mind knows
Gauguin
an artist that chose subjects that he believed were devoid of materialism of west European industrial society
Symbolism
art movement characterized by a desire to lift the mind from the mundane and the practical; employed decorative forms/ symbols that were intentionally vague or open ended in order to create imaginative suggestions
Fauvism
art movement led by Matisse and inspired by expressive color of Gauguin and Van Gogh; characterized by loud bright discordant arbitrary use of color and spatial ambiguity, landscapes broken into shapes of color
Expressionism
any art that emphasizes inner feelings/emotions over objective depiction
German Expressionism
the german art movement influenced by the fauves in desire to express intense attitudes and emotions; characterized by vivid angular simplifications, dramatic color contrasts, bold and crude finish; subject matter was secondary to the powerful effects of
The Bridge
german expressionist group led by kirchner, encouraged artists to revolt against academic painting and establish a new, vigorous aesthetic that would form a bridge between german past and modern experience
The Blue Rider
german expressionist group led by kandinsky, shared a concern for developing an art that would turn people away from false values and toward spiritual rejuvenation
Cubism
the most influential art style of the 20th cent, developed by picasso and braque, based on simultaneous presentation of multiple viewpoints, disintegration, and geometric reconstriction of subjects in flattened ambiguous space; color is limited to neutral
Analytical Cubism
art style of cubism that involved taking apart, breaking down the subject into its various aspects and then reconstructing it based on geometric abstraction; aimed to show objects as the mind, not the eye percieves them
Synthetic Cubism
art style of cubism characterized by fewer, more solif forms, conceptual rahter than observed subject matter and richer color, texture, patterns and use of cut out shapes; process of building up or combining
Collage
made by gluing various materials such as paper scraps, photos, and cloth on a flat surface
Alfred Stieglitz
photgrapher who reconsidered the geometry of design on the picture plane
Georgia OKeefe
artist who painted abstractions based on nature
Frank Lloyd Wright
artists who revolutionized architecture through prarie houses, he omitted or minimized walls
Armory Show
connection of modern artists in Europe and US
Futurism
art movement that grew out of cubism, added implied motion to the shifting planes and multiple observation points of cubists, celebrated natural as well as mechanical motion, glorification of danger and machine age
Dada
art movement which ridiculed contemporary culture and conventional art; antimilitarist and antiaesthetic, influenced by the horrors of WWI, rejected all styles of the past and wanted to shock the audience; characterized by spontaneity, play and chance rat
Conceptual Art
art form in which the originating idea and the porcess by which it is presented take precedence over the tangible product
Ready Mades
work of art that the artist has not made but has designated; purpose is to find an object with no aesthetic interest whatsoever, exhibit it as art and then return it to its normal function
Photomontage
the process of combining parts of various photos into one photo
Surrealism
grew out of dada, art movement based on revealing the unconcious mind in irrational and fantasic dream images
Representational Surrealism
type of surrealism that uses implossible combinations objects depicted in realistic detail
Abstract Surrealism
type of surrealism that uses abstract and fantastic shapes and vaguely defined creatures; places emphasis on color and design over storytelling content
Automatism
condition of being automatic; action without conscious control; employed to expand consciousness by transcending limits of rational thought and allows unconscious ideas and feelings to be expressed through chance and spontaniety
Suprematism
art movement led by Malevich, and focused on supremacy of shape and color in art over subject matter; radical move toward simplified shapes
Constructivism
revolutionary sculptural movement inspired by abstraction of malevich; seek to create art relevant to modern life in form, materials and content; made first nonrep constructions out of plastic and metal; constructed planar and linear forms
De Stijl
the style aimed at creating a universal language of form that would be independent of individual emotion; visual form pared down to primarily color, rectangular shapes, and horizontal and vertical lines; opposite of dada
International Style
art movement related to purism and de stijl that joined the structure and exterior design into a noneclectic form based on rectangular geometry and growing out of basic function
Social Realism
art movement characterized by a retreat from the radical innovations of modern art and a desire to communicate more readily with the public about social causes and issues
American Regionalism
art movement characterized by the idea that artists in the US could find their identity by focusing on subject matter that was uniquely american
WPA
works progress administration; funded artists works in US during the depression
African American Moderism
art movement influenced by Alan Lockes book "the new negro" that encourages aa artists to attune themselves to their cultural heritage and express themselves through aa based styles and not to be influenced by European art
Harlem Renassiance
aa art movement that included visual arts about ideas of life around them
Henry Moore
an artist that studied non western art through travels in museum collections; he abstracted organic stone sculptures inspired from Mexico
Dislocations
caused by the war and led artists to explore visual realms other than representational and narrative art
Abstract Expressionism
art movement that emphasized spontaneous personal expression in large abstract paintings
Action Painting
type of abstract expressionism, nonrepresentational style that relies on the physical movement of the artist by using vigorous brushwork, dripping and pouring
Color Field Painting
type of abstract expressionism, style in which large stained or painted areas or fields of color evoke aesthetic and emotional responses
Assemblage
art style in which artists began to celebrate visual diversity of the urban scene and reengage art with ordinary life; inspired by the outer world; moved beyond exclusive personal nature of art
Combine Paintings
artworks that combined ordinary objects and collage materials with abstract expressionist brushwork; collapse between painting and sculpture
Neo Dada
art movement that bridges the gap between abstract expressionism and pop art; dada tendencies of chance and use found objects
Happening
an event concieved by artists and performed by artists and others, usually unrehearsed and without a specific script/stage; structure but no plot, words but no dialogue, actors but no characters
Pop Art
art movement based on visual cliches, subject matter, and impersonal style of popular mass media imagery; challenged cultural assumptions about the definition of art; used commercial art and objects as inspiration
Minimalism
non representational art style of sculpture and painting that is restricted in the use of visual elements and often consisting of simple geometric shapes; used industrial materials
Hard Edge
art style characterized shapes that are precisely defined by sharp edges in contrast to blurred and soft edges of abstract expressionism
Conceptual Art
art movement that was a rebellion to pop art and a way to avoid commercialization; outgrowth of minimalism and characterized by the originating idea and the process by which it is presented take precedence over a tangible product
Site Specific Works
art works inseparable from sites for which theyre designed; sensitivity to location determines composition, scale, medium and content; temporary and has low impact ot environment
Earthworks
sculptural forms made from earth, rocks or plants; often on a vast scale in remote locations; more permanent; designed to merge with or complement the lanscape
Installation
type of art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in an interior environment; entire space is the medium to be manipulated
Feminism
a movement in which feminists seeked to validate and promote art forms that express the unique experience of women and to redress oppression by men
Guerilla Girls
group of female artists whose identities were unknown because they wore masks and whose mission it was to seek out and make known inequity in the art world
Performance Art
art with a dramatic presentation by visual artists in front of an audience, apart from formal theatrical settings; contains drama and visual arts
Modernism
art period characterized by a rejection of the past and decorative elements; steady movement toward nonrep images that can be traced through distinct movements with a distinction between high and low art value
Post Modernism
attitude in art that reversed the direction of modernism; characterized by influence from all periods and styles and a willingness to combine elements of all periods and styles; no value judgements between high and low art
Appropriation
post modernism practice in which on artist reproduces an image created by another artist and claims it as their own; felt to challenge traditional ideas about authenticity and individuality, location of meaning within a work, and copyright issues involvin
Modern Architecture
type of architecture included the style of international style; rejected tradition, ornament, and references to the past; characterized by simplicity and glass box shaped buildings
Post Modern Architecture
type of architecture characterized by eclectic mix of historical infleucnes, decorative tendencies and popular styles
Neo Expressionism
art movement that was a backlash to minimalism and conceptual art, characterized by resurgence of emotionally charged subject matter and freely manipulating brushwork; revive expressive and personal styles
Post Modern Photography
type of photography that made a photo not merely a straight record of fact due to ways of composing, taking, developing, and printing prictures that encode info and influence the viewer; photgraphers are more self aware that their medium isnt objective
Symbolism of Shape
common theme of post modern sculpture; looks at how shape can mean something; ranges of memories and feelings the viewer attaches to a given figure, and the point at which form takes a shape the viewer recognizes
Issue Oriented Art
art that is linked to current social questions; believe that if artists limit art to aesthetic matters, it will only distract from pressing issues
Street Art
artwork that galleries began to exhibit by artists who were previously made by illegal graffiti; influenced by surf, skate, punk, hip hop, and gang culture; unified in the desire to create truly public art that reclaims visual space being taken up by mass
Globalization
refers to increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees and import quotas; as a result art began increasingly using international modes of expression by which to inter