Art Appreciation, Chapter 20

Industrial Revolution (Britain, 1760)
American Revolution (1776)
French Revolution (1789)

Three revolutions that signaled the beginning of the MODERN AGE.

Enlightenment or Age of Reason

Late 18th century. Characterized by a shift to more rational and scientific approach to religious, political, social, and economic issues.

Neoclassicism

Refers to the emulation of classical Greek and Roman art. Much of the subject matter under this type of art was Roma because Rome represented a republican government.

Jacques-Louis David

Painter who believed that the arts should serve a political purpose in a time of social and governmental reform. His paintings were rooted in history.

Oath of the Horatii, Jacques-Louis David

A story of virtue and the readiness to die for liberty.

Cornelia, Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures, Angelica Kauffmann

Monticello, west view, Thomas Jefferson

Romanticism

Refers to an attitude that inspired a number of styles that emphasized emotional expression. Imagination and emotions were considered more valuable than reason. People under this type of art celebrated the struggle for liberty, nature, rural life, common

Francisco Goya

He is considered a romantic painter and printmaker. He was a contemporary of David and a supporter of the French Revolution, but later lost confidence in the invading French armies because of their behavior towards the Spanish. "The Third of May, 1808," w

The Third of May, 1808, Francisco Goya

The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, J.M.W. Turner

A preoccupation with currents events is one characteristic of the Romantic movement, with emphasis on feeling over fact.

Thomas Cole

This painter founded the Hudson River School in the U.S. in the 1830s. Like many Romantic artists, he began with on-site sketches, and then made large paintings in his studio. He painted "The Oxbow.

The Oxbow, Thomas Cole

Robert S. Duncanson

This painter was one of the first African American artists to earn an international reputation. He was influenced by European Romantisicm, but used a deliberate softening technique to create an intimate setting. He painted "Blue Hole, Little Miami River.

Blue Hole, Little Miami River, Robert S. Duncanson

Eugene Delacroix

This painter was the leading Romantic painter in France, and he used many elements of Baroque style, including a strong diagonal and chiaroscuro in his works. His brushwork was loose and open, or PAINTERLY. He stressed strong viewer involvement, use of co

painterly

Loose and open brushwork, used by Eugene Delacroix. A Romanticist technique in painting.

The Death of Sardanapalus, Eugene Delacroix

Photography

This style of art offered new opportunities to fuse image of reality with personal vision. Glass-plate negatives were perfected in the 1850s and made possible the reproduction of photographs.

The Three Brothers, Carleton E. Watkins

Sarah Bernhardt, Nadar (Felix Tournachon)

Photograph of Sarah Bernhardt.

Realism

A movement that describes a style of art and literature that depicts ordinary existence without idealism, exoticism or nostalgia. People under this movement believed that art should deal with human experience and observation and they rejected the Neoclass

Gustave Courbet

This painter used a direct, painterly technique for the portrayal of the dignity of ordinary things and common life. He perceived Realism as the enemy of art. He was one of the first to finish his paintings outdoors, working directly from nature, which wa

The Stone Breakers, Gustave Courbet

Rosa Bonheur

A woman painter who specialized in painting rural scenes with animals. She was extremely successful at a time when women painters were not generally accepted by the public. She painted "The Horse Fair," and "Study for the Horse Fair.

Thomas Eakins

This painter was a realist painter, focusing on painting people the way they actually look.

Jean Leon Gerome

Thomas Eakins's teacher. He painted in an academic art style.

Henry Ossawa Tanner

This painter was a friend and student of Eakins, and a realist painter. He is the best known African American painter before the 20th century. He left the U.S. for France in 1891, where he lived for the rest of his life. He painted "The Banjo Lesson.

Edouard Manet

This painter was the most important predecessor to Impressionism in French art. He studied with an academic master, but soon changed his style, as he was influenced by Courbet and Japanese prints. He used a loose, open style of brushwork in his paintings,

Impressionism

This movement produced paintings that show idyllic glimpses of contemporary life, and usually painted with an emphasis on qualities of light and color. Landscape and ordinary scenes painted outdoors in varied atmospheric conditions, seasons, and times of

Impression: Sunrise, Claude Monet

Claude Monet

This painter was the most widely known Impressionistic artist, and he was inspired by Manet's use of color. He continued to paint in the Impressionist style for over 40 years, often returning again and again to the same subject matter. He painted outdoors

Waterlily Pond, Claude Monet

Pierre-Auguste Renior

This painter often depicted typical middle-class activities, and he was strongly concerned with composition. He disregarded true linear perspective and was an Impressionistic painter. He painted "The Luncheon of the Boating Party.

The Luncheon of the Boating Party, Pierre-Auguste Renior

Edgar Degas

This painter exhibited with the Impressionists, bu his approach to painting was quite different. The structure of his paintings often includes paintings that are cut off at the edges, and they often show a strong diagonal. He was interested in defining hu

The Ballet Class, Edgar Degas

Mary Cassatt

This female painter came to Paris in the 1860s to study painting. She had trained as an artist in Philadelphia, and her friendship with Degas lead her to show her work with the Impressionists. Her work usually features a mother and child and often has a s

The Boating Party, Mary Cassatt

Auguste Rodin

This artist returned sculpture to a major art form for the first time since Bernini. He was a modeler, working first in clay and then casting in bronze. "The Thinker" was to be part of a large door, called the Gates of Hell, that was unfinished at his dea

The Thinker, Auguste Rodin

Was to be part of a large door, called the Gates of Hell, that was unfinished at his death.

Post-Impressionism

This refers to trends in painting starting in 1885 that followed Impressionism. Painters from this trend didn't share a single vision, rather they built on or reacted to Impressionism. Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Paul Cezanne were

Georges Seurat

This painter was very interested in the formal structure of his paintings. He developed an optical color mixing technique called POINTILLISM, which uses tiny dots of color to create a vibrant surface based on optical mixing; it is meant to create a more s

pointillism

This technique uses tiny dots of color to create a vibrant surface based on optical mixing; it is meant to create a more solid, formal organization of Impressionism through the use of simplified shapes. It is used by Georges Seurat in "A Sunday on La Gran

A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat

Exhibits pointillism.

Paul Cezanne

This painter was concerned with the formal structure of his paintings, and he used color modulation to depict the different surfaces within his compositions. He abandoned linear and atmospheric perspective in his works, developing his own interpretations.

Vincent Van Gogh

This painter used the expressive potential of open brushwork and pure color of the Impressionists, but he differed from them in the intensity of the feelings he was trying to portray. He used a very textural brushwork that recorded each gesture of his han

The Sower, Vincent Van Gogh

The Starry Night, Vincent Van Gogh

Paul Gauguin

This painter was interested in the composition of his works, but also in their emotional appeal. He abandoned implied deep space, often tipping it up to show the background and used unnatural colors to intensify the feeling. He often reduced elements in h

The Vision After the Sermon, Paul Gauguin

Fatata Te Miti or By the Sea, Paul Gauguin

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

This painter was influenced by Degas, and he used unusual angles, cropped images, and unnatural colors in his work. He often painted scenes from Parisian nightlife. He painted, "At the Moulin Rouge.

At the Moulin Rouge, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Edvard Munch

This painter traveled to Paris to study the work of his contemporaries. His paintings and prints explore the deep depths of emotion. He is associated with the Symbolists. He painted, "The Scream.

The Scream, Edvard Munch

Luncheon on the Grass, Edouard Manet

The Banjo Lesson, Henry Ossawa Tanner

Monte Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cezanne