Art 101 Exam 2

Know characteristics and identify images of the Futurists.

Need to reinvent everything
Fascination with machinery, speed and warfare
Strong emphasis on large, interconnected buildings built around bridges, atriums and transportation

Know characteristics and identify images of the Expressionists

-unusual shapes
-unified forms showing harmony
-modern materials

Know characteristics and identify images of the Russian Constructivists

-abstract geometric shapes
-expression of construction
-modern materials like steel and glass

Identify the origins and philosophy of the de Stijl Movement.

- roots in Cezanne, cubist art, and Frank Lloyd Wright
- seeks to reduce, simplify, and abstract ideas of beauty

Be able to identify examples of the architecture of the De Stijl group, particularly the work of Gerrit Rietveld.

�Avoided past ornament, reality, style references
�Reduction to the essentials of form and color (horz, vert & primaries)
�Asymmetry with balance

What is the origin of the International Style? Know at least three general characteristics of the movement.

Name comes from exhibit at Museum of Modern Art, NYC in 1932
- expression of volume rather than mass
- balance rather than symmetry
- elimination of ornament

What was the significance of Peter Behren's Turbine Factory, Gropius' Fagus Werks,and the Deutscher Werkbund model factory? What building element did they introduce?

Turbine Factory first steel and glass building in Germany, an early example of a curtain wall.
The factory to be a noble space, a "palace of labor" - happy workers are efficient workers
Workbund becomes the model for all factory buildings.

Be able to point out important aspects of Bauhaus philosophy.

- taught the basics of material characteristics, composition, and color
- everything designed and created according to first principles rather than by following precedent
- after learning basics students could pick their specialty

Be able to point out typical characteristics of the work produced by Bauhaus students and faculty.

�Honest use of materials - didn't believe in applied ornament
�Marriage of industrial techniques and craft
�Exploration of new materials
�"Grammar of design" - color, proportion, balance, etc.

Understand the shift in philosophies from early Bauhaus (Weimar) to later Bauhaus (Dessau).

Weimar
�emphasis/influence of German Expressionism
�First focus is on individual production in an Arts & Crafts mode
�Period of refinement of the Bauhaus philosophy of art education
Dessau
�Emphasis shifts from development of crafted goods to creation of

Know the importance of the Bauhaus building by Gropius, particularly the use of the curtain wall system and the "dematerialization" of the building.

�Designed by Gropius, 1925
�Design shows the primacy of function - separate buildings for each function but unified by appearance
�Workshop building features a full "curtain wall" of glass - fa�ade has no restraints of load
�Ultimate example of the factor

Know the importance of Mies van der Rohe.

�1886-1968, German
- leading figure of 20th century modernism
- influential for more than 50 years

Characteristics of Mies van der Rohe's work from this period

�Marks an important shift in modern architecture - from the primacy of form to the primacy of space
�Spaces seek to link interior and exterior spaces, both physically and visually
�Simple, rectilinear buildings constructed with modern materials
�Architect

Le Corbusier- "Five Points of Architecture.

�Free floor plan
�Free fa�ade
�Pilotis (columns)
�Ribbon windows
�Roof garden

Identify the later works of Adolph Loos from review images and be able to identify major characteristics of his work.

Interior spaces are more important than the aesthetic of the fa�ade - interiors are designs in the "third dimension

What is the "Raumplan" and why is it significant?

Spatial plan - Multiple changes in heights and levels of rooms according to function and importance

How is Loos' work different from other modernists of this period?

Interiors considered "old-fashioned" by younger (more "modern")architects - misunderstood because of their complexity and lack of openness as well as materials choices

Know the origins of the Art Deco style in Europe.

�after WWI - European society seeking a break with the past, embraces all things modern
�electricity, industrialization, transportation, growth of cities impact design
�Ideas of modern style spread by French group of designers - Societ� des Artistes D�cor

Traditional Art Deco Characteristics

�Mostly a decorative style, not much architecture
�Shows neoclassical, Biedermeier, "exotic," and Art Nouveau influences
�Uses exotic, luxurious materials - ivory and shagreen and rare woods like ebony
�employs traditional furniture-making techniques like

Modern Art Deco Characteristics

�modern materials and industrial techniques like bent tube metal
�focus on high quality, not mass production
�Shows influences of the Secession, the Bauhaus and Le Corbusier, Cubist art and new tech like cars and luxury liners

American Art Deco Characteristics

�Strong geometric forms - rectilinear buildings often with rounded elements
�Stepped back roof lines
�Weather motifs - lightning, clouds, sun
�Geometric patterns like diagonals, chevrons, zigzags and/or horizontal bands
�Regional motifs

Art Moderne Characteristics

�Everything is aerodynamic
�Emphasizes curving forms, long horizontal lines, metallic surfaces, and nautical elements such as railings and porthole windows
�Forms are sleek and simplified with smooth surfaces and rounded corners

Differences between Art Deco and Art Moderne

�Art Deco references the past and stylizes it with contemporary colors and materials - tends to be brighter in color
�Art Moderne is more simplified and abstract - style cues are takes from speed and motion (aerodynamic) - restrained in color, reflecting

Organic Architecture

�Building "belongs" in its site - use of natural, local materials to blend building and site
�Building appears to "emerge" from the ground - strong effort made to incorporate it into the landscape
�Asymmetrical - plans evolve naturally with no preconceive

Usonian House Characteristics

�Houses for low-to-middle income families as the new ideal way of living
�Houses were to designed to be under $5,000 (3x average annual salary)
�Becomes the model for the Ranch house that dominates American building in the Post-War era

Identify examples of Frank Lloyd Wright's fourth period. Know the characteristics that make this last period distinctive from his other work.

�Work becomes more whimsical
�Colors become brighter, less "natural"
�Circles become prevalent

Be able to identify the works of Alvar Aalto and know at least three distinguishing characteristics of his work.

�natural materials, warm colors - doesn't reject traditional methods or materials
�Related his architecture to the site with naturalness and warmth while preserving the modernist approach
�Combination of International Style and Organic - crisp, white boxe

Know how the influence of the Bauhaus and the International Style as it came to America.

�Gropius head of Graduate School of Design at Harvard - forms TAC - world- renowned arch. firm
�Mies van der Rohe goes to Chicago - heads the Institute of Design (after "New Bauhaus") now IIT
�Together helped shape the direction of American architecture t

Know the works of Walter Gropius in America, particularly as they relate to regional modernism. How are they different from his earlier buildings? In what ways are they similar?

Blends modern forms with local materials and building traditions as well as making allowances for local climate

Be able to identify the works of Mies van der Rohe in America. Know the characteristics of his work.

�Works towards simplicity with a clean, functional look
�Built mostly in steel and glass
�Created neutral spaces that could adapt easily to change
�Materials that represent our times
�Consistent style throughout his career

Why is the Seagram building so significant?

Only uses half the lot, adjacent sides don't go to street either, space for benches and trees
Building of the Millennium
-The epitome of the modern building form, the skyscraper
-Use of the most modern materials, steel and glass, with more ancient materia

Identify the works of Irving Gill from review images and be able to identify major characteristics of his work.

Flat roofs w/ no eaves
concrete, white or off-white
Cubed & rectangular
No ornamentation
Arches or series of arches creating outdoor hallways

Various influences of Irving Gill.

Worked for Adler & Sullivan
San Diego's mission style

Identify the works of Rudolph Schindler from review images and be able to identify major characteristics of his work.

-Complex three dimensional forms
-distinctive arrangements of solids and voids
-Simple, inexpensive materials
-Built-in furniture
-open floor plans that embraced outdoor spaces

Various influences of Rudolph Schindler

Studied with Wagner & Loos
Supervises Wright's work in L.A.
Left Europe before WWI, retains romantic ideas

Identify the works of Richard Neutra from review images and be able to identify major characteristics of his work.

�He gave great attention to defining the real needs of his clients
�Houses a blend of art, landscape and practical comfort
�Utilizes "spider leg" post and beam structure
�covered patios
�full walls of glass
�silver paint

Know the various influences that shaped Richard Neutra.

Studied under Wagner & Loos
Moved to US - works for Halabird & Roche
Then with FL Wright in Chicago, then in LA

Know the Case Study House program, who founded it, and what particular goal the program aimed to achieve.

To bring modern European ideas to everyday architecture
Founded by John Entenza in his magazine Arts & Architecture
Models for low-cost hosing in a modern style

Identify the works of Pierre Koenig from review images and be able to identify major characteristics of his work.

Uses steel to create lighter, open buildings
full wall glass
corrugated metal

Identify the works of Craig Ellwood and be able to identify major characteristics.

clean, linear modern design
combined wood and steel in post and beam construction
linked interior and exterior spaces with full wall glass and same materials inside and out
later works influenced by Mies

Be able to identify examples of Eichler houses and particular characteristics of the Houses built by Joseph Eichler.

-Blank to street, open to back
-post & beam w/ slab foundation
-built ins, open plan kitchens

Identify the works of John Lautner from review images and be able to identify major characteristics of his work.

-similar to FLW later works
-natural materials
-non rectilinear
-dramatic houses
-brilliantly engineered

Be able to identify examples of Googie architecture and influences on the style.

space race, car culture, Atomic
age, Polynesian cultures

Characteristics of the Googie style.

� Signage oriented to car traffic - ad for itself
� Roofs sloping at an upward angle
� Curvaceous, geometric shapes like atoms,
boomerangs, flying saucers, parabolas
� Bold use of glass, steel, neon, illuminated
plastics