sculpture
creating figures or designs in three dimensions
freestanding/in the round
A freestanding sculpted work that can be viewed from all sides
relief
A raised form on a largely flat background. EX) the design on a coin is "in relief
bas-relief/high relief
Bas-relief: a sculpture carved with very little depth
High-relief: a carvers panel where the figures project with a great deal of depth from the background.
subtractive
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carving
Bits of the original material are removed in this subtractive sculpture process.
additive
The artist builds up the work by adding material
modeling
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armature
A framework or skeleton used to support a sculpture
casting
A sculpture or artwork made by pouring a liquid into a mold
lost-wax casting
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patina
Surface color or texture on a metal caused by aging
earthworks
Prehistoric artists of the Americas made monumental sculptures that used the surface of the earth itself as a material
construction
When engineers make a piece of machinery, they use a variety of methods to create and put together its components
readymades
In the early twentieth century a few artists began to create works using as raw material artifacts that already existed.
appropriation
The deliberate incorporation in an artwork of material originally created by other artists
kinetic
Three-dimensional art that moves, impelled by air currents, motors, or people.
installation
An artwork created by the assembling and arrangement of objects in a specific location.
It is probably because artists are so inventive that it is difficult to define sculpture exactly." ( p260)
This statement may appear on the exam as a multiple-choice or true and false question.
Match the sculptures with the method used to create them. Identify the methods as additive or subtractive.
Look at book for this
From what point of view was the Sculpture of the Lady Sennuwy (2.142) meant to be viewed?
It was meant to be viewed from the front.
Giambologna's Rape of a Sabine (2.143) was created as a piece of political propaganda; as such, what is its meaning?
It re-creates an accent story about the foundation of Rome around 753 BCE. Most of the early founders of Rome were male. For the city to grow, the Romans needed wives. They solved this problmen by inviting their neighbors the Sabines to a festival, during
What is the meaning of Dying Lioness (2.144)?
It is intended to reflect the great strength and bravery of King Ashurbanipal as he hunted and killed the most fearsome beast known to the Assyrians.
What does the sarcophagus from Cerveteri (2.151) tell us about gender relationships in ancient Etruscan society?
Women actively participated in social situations
stresses
Pushing or pulling the structure of the building
tension/compression
tension: lengthens and stretches the materials of the building
Compression: occurs when stresses push, which can squash and shorten the same materials
natural materials
stone/wood/clay
artificial materials
Made of adobe brick (sand and clay)
cast iron/steel/concrete/reinforced concrete
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Load-Bearing Construction (bearing wall/stacking and piling)
Taos Pueblo (2.166):Made of adobe brick (sand and clay)
Temple 1 (2.168): Stone building
Great Pyramids at Giza (2.169b): Stone pyramids
Post-and -Lintel Construction
a horizontal beam supported by a post at either end
span: the distance bridged between two supports such as columns or walls.
hypostyle hall: a large room with a roof supported by a forest of columns
Temple of Amun-Re (2.171)
Temple of Athena Nike (2.172)
Arches, Vaults, and Domes
Vault: an arching structure supporting a ceiling or roof
Dome: an evenly curved vault
Arch:
corbeled
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round
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Roman
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Pont du Gard (2.174)
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pointed
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barrel
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nave of the Church of Sainte-Foy (2.176)
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flying buttress
an arch built on the exterior of a building that transfers some of the weight of the vault
Hagia Sophia (2.179)
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Wooden Architecture
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balloon frame
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Stick-style house (2.183)
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Cast-Iron Construction
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Crystal Palace (2.184)
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Steel Frame Architecture
Stronger then Iron, wood and stone
skyscraper
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Wainwright Building (2.185)
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Neue Nationalgalerie (2.186)
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Bank of China (2.187)
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Modern Architecture/International Style
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form follows function
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less is more
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Villa Savoye
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Neue Nationalgalerie (2.186)
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Postmodernism
a late-twentieth-century style of architecture playfully adopting features of earlier styles
Humana Building (2.191)
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Quadracci Pavilion (2.192)
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Architectural space is the result of thoughtful design by an artist, or by a team of artists working to a common idea.
Know it.
Architecture is frequently designed by a team of artists. In general, what aspect of the design is the responsibility of the architect; the interior designer; the landscape architect?
The architect is the master planner who creates the overall design. An interior designer is responsible for making the space inside appropriate for the building's intended use. A landscape architect may organize the outdoor spaces around the building
According to the text, what might the design of a wood-frame building require to maintain its structural integrity?
Waterproof external cladding to protect the timber from damp and rot
According to the text, what might the design of tall office buildings require to maintain their structural integrity?
Strong steel frame
An architect has been hired to design a new building for the Taos Pueblo. What construction material might she use to keep the aesthetic appearance of the new structure consistent with the existing buildings?
Adobe brick (clay and sand)
Identify the method of construction illustrated by figures 2.169a, 2.170, 2.173, 2.175, and 2.178b.
2.169a: basic load bearing architecture
2.170: post and lintel construction
2.173: Arch construction
2.175: Barrel vault
2.178b: Gothic architectural construction
What is the advantage of post-and-lintel construction over load-bearing construction?
Post has a more spacious interior
What was the great limitation of early post-and-lintel construction using stone as a building material?
The lintels could not span large spaces
How well does stone resist compression; tension?
Compression: good
tension: bad
Round arches can span wider spaces than corbeled arches; why?
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Why do the walls of Romanesque churches, like Sainte-Foy, have small windows; what is the effect on the interior space?
Small windows because the walls are thick. It makes the space dark and gloomy inside
What were the two innovative ideas of Abbot Suger that led to the development of the Gothic architectural style? What features of Gothic architecture embody these ideas?
The worshiper should be bathed in divine light and should feel lifted up toward heaven. used a structure (flying butters) to transfer weight so they could place in larger (stain glass windows).
What architectural feature allowed the use of larger openings in the walls for windows at the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis?
flying butters
According to the text, what advantages does cast iron have over wood or stone as a building material? What advantages did steel have over cast iron?
Iron is more flexible then stone and stronger than wood.
Steel even stronger than Iron.
Why did architects begin using reinforced concrete?
As a way of avoiding the hard right-angled edges of the cost.
Compare and contrast Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye (2.188) and Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater.
2.188: made of cheap materials (steel, glass, etc) Very
2.89: organic not a machine
Both utilize geometric shapes
convention
a widely accepted way of doing something; using a particular style, following certain method, or representing something in a specific way
canon of proportions
a set of ideal mathematical ratios in art, used to measure the various parts of the human body in relation to one another
abstract
art imagery that departs from recognizable images from the natural world
geisha
living works of art
performance art
a work involving the human body usually including the artist, in front of an audience
living brushes
Women using their bodies
What was the possible purpose of Woman from Willendorf (4.129)?
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What kind of representational style was used to create both Woman from Willendorf (4.129) and Woman I (4.130)? Are these portraits of individual people or archetypal images of women?
An exaggerated form and emphasis on characteristically female elements of human anatomy. Archetypal images
Why do most images of the body from ancient Egypt look the same? How was this consistency of proportion maintained from one work of art to the next?
They were consistent so they could always depict their ideal of the human form.They used the canon of proportions
What does the strong, frontal pose of Menkaure (4.131b) communicate about his power?
The use of canon
What earlier culture influenced the art of ancient Greece?
Egyptians
Why did the ancient Greeks aim for perfect balance between mind and body in life and art?
Ss they could model themselves after the gods
What earlier culture influenced Renaissance conceptions of beauty as illustrated by artists like Sandro Botticelli?
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During the Renaissance, nude depictions of the female body were acceptable if the figure was depicted in what two contexts?
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In addition to outward appearance, how was beauty traditionally determined in African societies?
Tied to their core values: composure, wisdom, and power. More then external appearance.
In Japan, why are traditional female performers, called geisha, considered beautiful?
Because the art can't be recreated
What is the subject/meaning of Titian's Venus of Urbino? What are the similarities and differences between this work and Manet's Olympia, and Morimura's Portrait (Futago)? Which image(s) influenced the others?
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How do artists like Yves Klein, Janine Antoni, and Vanessa Beecroft use the human body in their work. What is the purpose of their work?
they directed the women, just like living brushes
What was so revolutionary about Walking Man by Auguste Rodin?
He left the edges rigged to reveal emotion
What artistic tendencies and formal concerns did Henry Moore incorporate into Recumbent Figure?
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