Trompe l'Oeil Painting
By men for men. Objects pinned on a wall; falt. For department stores rather than galleries. Accessible. Pushed art outside realm of "high art.
World's Columbian Exposition
Held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters bu
Daniel Burnham
Chicago architect, designed the Flatiron building in New York, along with coming up with a new design for Chicago.
Frederic Law Olmstead
Landscape architect who designed Central Park
Louis Sullivan
-typical combination of ornate detail with "modernist"
-"modernist" structure based in simple elemental forms.
-concentrated detail ornate ornament
Adler/L.Sullivan
Wainwright Building.
-After Chicago Fire land was expensive so architecture started to build upward to save cost.
-Otis Elevator company produces the first elevator.
Daniel Chester French
An American who created The Minute Man for Concord, Massachusetts and Standing Lincoln for the Nebraska state capitol; best known for the seated statue in the Lincoln Memorial
"Court of Honor" The Basin, 1893 was 65ft tall towering structure showing off w
The White City
a building on Chicago's fairgrounds to display the wealth of the west. It ended up housing poor and was eventually burnt down.
Louis Tiffany
Illuminated glass very much part of Colombian expedition. "Lily Window" 1893.
New types of glass developed to take advantage of electricity.
Lotus Flower Table lamp, Three Panel Screen, 1900 Tiffany Studios
Mary Cassatt
Helped facilitate the armory show. Gone to Europe and spent time there to befriend impressionist painters. When Americans wanted this art in the states they went to her. Her paintings mainly about women. Murals by Cassat fairly revolutionary. Modern Women
Mary Cassatt's Approach
American painter whose sensitive portrayals made her one of the prominent new impressionists
Ashcan School of Painting
A group of early twentieth-century American artists who often painted pictures of New York city life. Interested in differences in cultures and quick change in cultural shifts. Journalistic training made them able to capture importance of everyday occurre
Robert Henri's Class at NY School of Art:
-Out of 17 students, 12 were women
-George Bellows is seated to left of Henri
Ashcan Painting
loose painting, straying from strict realism.
George Bellows
Painted Ashcan. Especially boxers. Rise of black boxer Jack Johnson. Defeat of James J. Jefferies in 1910 caused rioting worldwide.
Illegal backroom fights (painted by ashcan painters)
Robert Henri
New York City artist was the leader of the Ashcan School, painted fast. "in a minute if you can
Abstraction
-Reduction of realism to elemental forms/beauty in elemental form.
-Has a basis of realism.
Stripped down to fundamental shapes, not necessarily look of realism but conveys feeling of rush hour.
Arthur Dove
Abstract painter. Forms directly out of nature. Beauty in elemental form.
Max Weber
Rush Hour" New York, 1915. Abstract artist who did not use the look of realism but conveyed feelings of rush hour.
Morgan Russell, and Stanton Macdonald-Wright
Synchromy is the school of painting developed through color. Most important element is color.
American painters who lived in Paris that experimented with color and were inspired by others within movement.
Non Contextualist
We all look at art the same way
Contextualist (nc)
Culture is important to context
Imitationist (nc)
Art Mirrors Reality
Formalist (nc)
Art is tie to principals and elements of design. Formalism is sometimes associated with "modernism.
Expressionist (nc)
Art is tied to feelings and emotions
Instrumentalist (c)
Art is an instrument or means to a larger goal. Political art. Art as a tool.
Linguistic
Art is tied to language communities or cultures. Viewers must understand the "language" of art. (Signs and symbols, often cultural.)
Modernism
(Associated with Universalism) Form is more important than content.
Avant-Garde-
(English equivalent is vanguard) Art that is ahead of it's time, embraces the new.
Jacob Riis
Danish. Tenement housing photos expected to find wild west in US but instead found big city which was unlike his expectations (dirty.) First to use flash. He is looking for a particular, startled, look using flash photography. Would burst into rooms into
Thomas Eakins
Worked very carefully from photographs and posed his models. Everything is calculated. Had a journalistic eye. Illustrator (for journal called The Masses).
"The Swimming Hole" 1885
Academic, posed, elegant, somewhat erotic.
Ashcan Schools thought of thems
John Sloan
Painter of women
Great supporter of women's suffrage
His work was empathetic towards women as Mary Cassat's paintings had been.
Didnt think women in paintings always had to be political.
Alfred Stieglitz
Thought America was intellectually flabby at first but then finds it to be the best place.
Pictorialist- If painting is moving to abstraction so can photography.
Started gallery to support this Gallery 291. Represents masters not as whole but individuals.
Photo Succession: Pictorialism
Doesn't always have to be about realism. Photography more like painting.
Marcel Duchamp
Nude Descending a Staircase- Scandalous and widely made fun of during exhibit.
Comes to flee World War I. In the American Independent Society of Artists who declare they will accept every piece entered into the show.
Fountain, New York, 1917
Photograph of
Rrose Selavy
Marcel Duchamp's alter ego used in many photos.
Georgia O'Keef
-close up on something real so that it looks like something else rather than the object it actually is
-Clear symbolic reference to genitalia Jack in the pulpit IV
-Interested in nature
Arthur Davies
Symbolist painter (linguistic) not abstract. Ogranizational skill. Organizes Armory Exhibit.
Charles Demuth
I saw the figure 5 in Gold," 1928
Marsden Hartley
First started in New York were he found everything to be repressive towards homosexuals.
Moves to Paris and finds it to be more liberating.
Moves to Berlin where he finds it to be the most sexually liberating place in the world. Falls in love with an offi
Imogen Cunningham
Nature, similar to Georgia O'Keef, remembered for her photography of close,up studies of flowers and plants.
Romaine Brooks
Self Portraits.
Was an American painter who worked mostly in Paris and Capri. She specialized in portraiture and used a subdued palette dominated by the color gray.
Sexuality in early modernists.
Different sexualities inspire different styles of art. Popularily brought out in abstract work.
Mexican Influence
Mexican Influence
Revolution in Mexico - Diego Rivera, lived in Europe
While the bloody revolution in Mexico took place an art revolution also began.
Zapatista Landscape (1915) & Still life with Grey Bowl (1915)! !
Even after the government stopped being
Escualea Mexicana
Many people think of the most progressive painting of that time to be abstract, but not in Mexico
which painted murals and realistic art. Strong influence in Mexican culture.
Flower Day, The Grinder
1. Easel painting
2. Mural painting
Mexican Muralism
-funded by Jose Vasconoles Dept. of Public Edu
-heavily influenced Roosevelt's WPA
-highly political,! !
*The revolution was fought over the unfair distribution of land!
Subjects owning the land are indigenous people, a lot of the art was done in govt. bu
Jose Vasconoles
Funded Mexican Muralism
Tina Modotti
Explores politics in her photography "I cannot solve the problem of life by
losing myself in the problem of art."
She lived in Mexico nearly a decade after Weston left. She too had a very strong sense of form.
She photographed scenes of everyday life in M
Edward Weston,
American photographer who went to Mexico right after the revolution, went on
to become a member of the f64 group.
Illustrated landmark book entitled Idols Behind Altars by Anita Brenner with Tina Modotti (an actress who Weston taught photography and also
Idols Behind Altars
Anita Brenner's first book illustrated by Edward Weston. One of the first books to afford Mexican art the same serious considerations as European and Asian art
Difference between Weston and Modotti
Modotti explored politics in her photography
Santa Fe Style of Architecture
Contained elements of native American heritage in it's architecture.
Influences from pueblos. Displays
of Native American Hispanic Artistry.
Founded by Mary Colter
Mary Colter
- Colter hid ledger book drawings under her mattress to keep her mother from burning them.
- she designed Fred Harvey's hotels
- early on had an interest in native American culture
Watch Tower
Use of modernist building techniques.
Selling Authenticity
-Marketing "sightseeing" tours to seeing Native American sights.
Hopi House
Second commission from Fred Harvey and Mary Colter's first building.
Created the work, lived in the house and sold work there.
Nampeyo Family
Potters whose work was considered to be more valuable because their work was based on ancient designs collected in their own backyard. Which pushes towards institutionalism.
Louisa Kyeser
Individualist A popular pastime became basket weaving. Louisa Keyser was one of the more famed basket
weavers.
What was the arrangement between Nampeyo (Hopi potter), Louisa Keyser (Washo basket-maker) and their dealers?
A popular pastime became basket weaving. Louisa Keyser was one of the more famed basket
weavers. Dealer Amy Cohn (her dealer) invented an image for her -Dah So La Lee (Wide of
Hips)- Washoe princess
The Harlem Renaissance
W.B. DuBois and Alan Locke!
Key intellectuals behind the Harlem Renaissance.
Locke urged to black Americans to return to the art as the "Center" of their culture, just as it had
been in Africa.
This Renaissance was documented well, Many people wrote and k
Henry Tanner
Black and first to embrace black culture in his paintings as his life's work.
The Thankful Poor, 1984
Talked about how African Culture could influence and enhance culture just like any other art.
An Inspiration to the Harlem Renaissance.
Meta Warrick Fuller
A Female African American Sculptor whose work drew heavily on African themes and folk tales for her subject matter. "Man Eating his Heart Out" (sculpture)
imagines Ethiopian form of a sleeping women.
parallels the Harlem renaissance.
James Van Der Zee
African-American photographer best known for his portraits of black
New Yorkers. He was a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance
Archibald Motley
Inspired by Tanner
Christianity became the common thread between Black and White worlds
Mending Socks
Some thought Harlem Renaissance should be like European painting but others thought it should be more of popular culture.
Aaron Douglas
Father of African American art."
Was an intellectual as well as being an artists.
Study of aspects of negro life from Slavery through reconstruction
Cover illustrator for SPARK a magazine that came out around the time of the Harlem Renaissance. Teacher.
Palmer Hayden
Painted the lower class in artwork because he saw it as a movement toward equality. Gives them the same dignity as the great subjects of the past.
Universal Negro Improvement Association
Association founded by Marcus Gravey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa.
Harmon Foundation
William Harmon, a real estate entrepreneur, started a philanthropic organization, which sponsored awards for blacks who achieved success in areas such as science, medicine, music and art.
FSA
Farm Security Administration: granted loans to small farmers and tenants for rehabilitation and purchase of small-sized farms
Federal Arts Program
Government programs put artists to work. WPA (Works Progress Administration) George Biddle was a personal friend of F.D.R. who pushed for the Arts programs, he was inspired by what was happening in Mexico.
Frida Kahlo
spent her last years fitted with a mirror so that she could paint self-portraits - her casts in bed. When she was little she had an injury which crippled her.
Diego Rivera
Mural painter. Fascinated with images of workers. Liked the simple forms found in factories.Commissioned by Edsel Ford
"I really believe he was trying to express his idea of the spirit of Detroit"
Most controversial work: R.C.A. fresco commissioned by Roc
Jose Clemente Orozco's Prometheus
-Tragic, tortured version of humanity.
-Condemned by god.
Mexican muralist, also painted Prometheus, but is different from Manship's sculpture. Orozco is known as an expressionist, Manship was more formalist.
FSA Shooting style
Photographers were trying to draw attention to the rural poverty in America.
Stark and minimalist approach.
Very influential. Shooting straight and destroying negatives that looked altered to be more miserable
Precisionism
Industry is important. Lack of men in painting and if they are they are miniscule.
Called landscapes but really they are paintings of industry. Put forth images that were in keeping with company interests.
Charles Sheeler
He used the stark contrasts in photographs as inspiration for his paintings of industry and machinery
Hired to demonstrated the River Rouge Plant
David Alfaro Siqueiros
A Mexican social realist painter, better known for his large murals in fresco. Along with Diego Rivera and Jos� Clemente Orozco, he established "Mexican Muralism.
Precisionist/Social Realism/Sheeler
Both "Precisionist" and "Social Realism" often depicted American industry. "Precisionism" was different in that it put forth images that were in keeping with company interests. Precisionism was practiced with isle paintings, not murals. Ford hired Charles
What was the problem that Nelson Rockefeller had with Rivera's RCA murals in the Rockefeller Center in New York, and what was his solution?
Controversial work: R.C.A. fresco commissioned by Rockefeller, 1933.
Was paid $14,000 and police officers began to chip the painting off the wall. A year later he painted it in Mexico City's Palace of the fine art.
Titled: Man, Controller of the Universe
What were the PWAP, and the Coit Tower controversy in San Francisco?
Public Works of Art Project is the Coit Tower murals in San Francisco's Coit Tower. This project was also largely CONTROVERSIAL because of the strong influence of DIEGO RIVERA in the city, and the interest of the PWAP to keep publicly sponsored art projec
Lewis Hyne
Photography in the 10th Century develops in interesting ways , both as advertisement, and the ability of the American worker. Hyne photographed "Sky Boys" which chronicled the workers on the Empire State Building. He also fought child labor practices thro
Roy Stryker
Became familiar with Hyne's work and wanted to help shift poverty in the 20's and 30's. As a statesman he hired photographers (in particular Walker Evans) to go out and document. His rule was to: "shoot straight" - no altering in the development process F
Thomas Hart Benyon
Most political of the three Regionalists.
Disturbing images for an anti-fascist movement. Originally on postcards until it backfired.
Ben Shahn
Narrative painter. Adopted a socialist realist style of the 1930's and 40's. Done with urban themes and populations (worker's rights of other social justice issues.
Jacob Lawrence
Painted to fight against poverty and racism. Formally his works were colorful and used simple shapes that outlined figures of people. He was an isle painter. He wrote long articles that complemented and explained his paintings. Did a series on Frederick D
Paul Cadmus
Paintings and drawings of nude male figures. His works combined elements of eroticism and social critique to produce a style often called magic realism.
Isamu Noguchi
sculptor, creating a symbol of the contemporary world, placed a cube in a plaza surrounded by tall buildings.
Seymour Lipton
Sculptor who's work was social criticism against racism and persecution.
Norman Rockwell
Painter/illustrator who did many images for the Saturday Evening Post. Did many things for americans that didn't much think about art. Rosie the Ribbotor - Women in politics.
What two groups sponsored exhibitions of lynchings in 1935
NAACP, American Communists
John Reed Clubs
First appearing in Chicago, these social organizations disseminated Communist propaganda in music, film, and literature in 1930's.
American Artist's Congress
artists committed to the fight against fascism
Peter Blume
Surrealist painter. The Eternal City. Dreamlike images. Art based in exploration of subconscious.
Stuart Davis
Thought about what genre represented in time. "Men Without Women" claims abstraction is anti fascist and cant be vilified by governments. Produced for the men's bathroom at Radio City Music Hall
Andre Breton
[1896-1966] French writer, poet, and surrealist theorist, and is best known as the main founder of surrealism. His writings include the Surrealist Manifesto of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as pure psychic automatism.
Alexander Calder
Inventor of the mobile -made kinetic circus objects in one piece (fit in suitcase) Interested in playful things.
Kitsch
Populist aesthetic. Mass produce objects to look valuable even if they are not ex. gold, silver, jewels. Bring art to the masses.
Clement Greenberg
Felt that kitch is realistic work. Work that appeals to the populous perspective of the masses and that it would be used for propaganda purposes and had no place in art.
-Was a great champion of abstract art.
What was the rationale that enabled artists who practiced Surrealism and geometric abstraction to consider their work both politically and artistically avant-garde?
Surrealist Response to Fascism Grotesque exaggeration (satire) surrealism: -dreamlike images -art based in an exploration of sub-conscious
Abstract Response to Fascism The second war that US artists stood up against was the Spanish Civil War Guermica, Pab
What did "Regionalist" art have in common with "official" art of the totalitarian states in the 1930's?
Both have roots in native countries.
Grant Wood
Regionalist.
American Gothic. Positive image of America's heartland even as they are at war.
John Stuart Curry
Regionalist. Favored simple heroic folktales and rural themes.
John Brown
lead anti slavery rides
Thomas Hart Benton
most political of the three Regionalists. Disturbing images for an anti-fascist movement. Originally on postcards until it backfired.
Surrealism
An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images
Regionalism
American Scene Painters paid attention to rural life as America's cultural backbone(Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, )
Muralism
? Promotion of mural painting with social and political messages to reunify the country under post Mexican Revolution. From 1920s to about 1970s a large number of murals with nationalistic, social and political messages were created on public buildings.
Social Realism
Emphasizes influence of social and economic conditions of an era on characters, events, and social institutions