Camera Obscura (1646)
An optical device that consisted of a box or darkened room with an opening on one side projecting an image onto the facing side. It was used by artists as a drawing aid because it preserved perspective.
Modern example of Camera Obscura is Abe Morell's pho
Heliograph
Also known as Sun Writing. The "Worlds First Photograph" was done by Joseph Nicephor Niepce
Example photograph:"View from his window at Les Gras" (1827)
Photogenic Drawing / Photogram
An image produced without a camera or lens by placing an opaque, translucent or transparent object between, often directly on, a piece of photogenic paper or film and a light source. These were among the earliest photographic images.
Example Photograph: W
Cyanotype
A process invented by Sir John Herschel and reported in 1842. The prints are also known as blue prints. The chemical process is simple and produces a characteristic blue image on paper or cloth. Most popular during the 1840's and 1880's. Its main use was
Daguerreotype
Announced on Jan. 7th, 1839, and presented to the world in August 1839 (Daguerreotypomania) Created by Louis Daguerre. Produced a unique image on a silver coated copper plate. It was popular during the 1850's until it was superseded by the sensitive wet c
Calotype
Patented by William Henry Talbot in 1841 in Britain. The process was a significant enhancement of Talbots photogenic drawing process and used silver iodide combined with a gallic acid to enhance its sensitivity. After exposure the paper was developed to p
Stereography/stereoscope/stereoview
Stereograph views were the use of 2 lenses to show a picture in 3D. It announced in 1838 by Sir Charles Wheatstone, displayed at the Crystal Palace in 1851, and then stereoscopes were patented in 1853 by Antoin Claudet. The stereograph viewers were used f
Collodion/Wet Plate Process
A dry or more commonly wet process using collodion as a medium to support a light sensitive emulsion. The process was described by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851, and after refinement it came into widespread use in 1854. It was used till the mid 1870's an
Ambrotype
greater sensitivity and shorter exposure time; production was cheaper and quicker, as no printing was required; negative could be mounted either way so no lateral reversal was necessary, as in daguerreotypes; can be viewed from any angle unlike daguerreot
Albumen Print
Derived from egg whites it was first used in 1848 for dry plates before being superseded by the wet collodion process in 1851. It had greater success for coating onto paper where it provided a smooth surface for the photographic emulsion. This was describ
Essentialism
there are, in any group of people/animals, a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity and function (generalities). This was common when making or speaking about Slave Photography in the world of art
Example Photograph: Slave Daguerreotypes of
Appropriation
The idea where an artist/photographer would take an original work and make it their own without changing the original or taking it as their own. Basically, changing the meaning of the original idea, however, there has to be a recognizable change.
Example
Landscape
A genre of photography that uses the geometric of space. Is viewed as constantly evolving. It is also all the visable features of an area of countryside, or land that is often considered in terms of its aesthetic appeal. Landscape portraits are contempora
Portraiture
Portraiture was the key mechanism to advancement of photography to modern day throughout the world. The key elements were face, pose, clothing, and location. You would use identification and projection to "read portraits". The 4 steps:
1.) With the camera
Environmental Portraiture
Sparked the artist/photography dialogue where vice versa would pick up poses from one another.
Example Photograph: Robert Howlett, Isambard Kingdom Brunel and the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern, 1857
Documentary
Documentary photography was used to construct narratives and to travel to document the "others". The use of text and image in documentary photography became a key to create meaning in the photographs which would engage the audience in social and political
History Painting
Was the highest genre of photography in France. It spurred Historical narratives which defined peoples ideals of what history was. This created a problem because people were conflicted about creating history from the inside. Combat was beyond photograph c
Still Life (Memento moro / vanitas
Was an easy form of photography because it was not alive and was not going anywhere. The photography would transform objects from 3D to 2D thus transforming the perceptions of the object. Memento mori/vanitas: Remember that you will die, vanity. Vanity wa
Sfumato
Foggy fuzzy of the image itself especially in the background of portraits.
Example Photograph: Cameron, Julia Jackson, 1867
Cartes-de-viste
multiple photographs on one sheet. Was very cheap to produce (able to produce up to 8 on 1 plate). The distance from the camera is eliminated due to need and expense of careful lighting and time consuming retouching. It was patented in Paris in 1854 by Ad
Chiarscuro
contrasts of light and dark
Example Photograph: Timothy O'Sullivan, Ancient Ruins in the Canyon de Chelly, 1873
Depth of Field
The zone of sharp focus seen in the camera. Manipulation of this zone by extending or reducing it, can be an important aspect of creative control and view cameras have evolved to facilitate this.
Example Photograph: large: Ansel Adams; small: Chuck Close
Differential or Selective Focus
putting something slightly out of focus (or adjusting it in the darkroom) to emphasize another element
Example Photograph: Stieglitz, Spring Showers, c. 1900
Aperture
allows for selective focus. Large Apeture: Selective focus, shallow depth of field,,
Small apeture: sharp overall focus, extensive depth of field.
Realism
the mode of representation which supports reality; counters idealized subject matter
Example Photograph: Charles N�gre, Chimney Sweeps Walking, 1851
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
group of artists who wanted to return to the type of artmaking before Raphael; J.M. Cameron is associated with preRaphaelites
Example Photograph: J.M. Cameron, Sir John Herschel, 1867
Impressionism
similar to Monet's paintings, gives an impression of a scene with large brushstrokes, Impressionists depict everyday city life
Example Photograph: Peter Henry Emerson, Poling the Marsh-Hay; 1886
Ativism
Nostalgia and wanting for an uncomplicated past. It was a theme used by artists and photographers; Henry Peach Robinson; prevalent theme in the PRB.
Example Photograph: J.M. Cameron, Sir John Herschel, 1867
Egyptomania
obsession with ancient Egypt, similar but not the same as Orientalism (subset of Orientalism)
Example Photograph: Frith's The Pyramids of El-Gizeh (1850s)
Manifest Destiny
belief that Americans were meant to expand westward. It was the key concept of its time where it was the duty and right of the U.S to expand their territory and influence. Brought forward the rationalization to dominate and the beauty of the sublime.
Exam
Denotation/connotation
denotation is the dictionary/exact definition, and connotation is the implied meaning/thoughts/images/ideas that come up in your mind (that are not explicitly stated but nonetheless tied to the image/idea); in photography denotation is what you actually s
Signifier/signified
Signifier is the sign. The signified is the meaning behind the sign.
Example Photograph: Sands of Time by Thomas Richard Williams, 1855 (memento mori is the signified, the signifiers are the skull, flowers, etc.)
Picturesque
the picturesque shows tranquil, ordered, harmonious scenes, often ones that have been organized by humans but nonetheless show the beauty of nature; Niagara falls from afar; Central Park in NY is picturesque; everything is very controlled
Example Photogra
Sublime
the sublime instills intense feelings of awe; scenes that appear treacherous/dangerous but which the viewer can experience unharmed; viewpoint is often from a precarious perch/unusual place where someone could not actually stand; close-ups of Niagara fall
Tableau Vivant
A living picture" - theatrical, actors acting out a scene, carefully posed
Example Photograph: O.G Rejlanders Two Ways of Life (1857), or Fading Away by Henry Peach Robinson
Combination Printing
A technique using two or more photographic negatives or prints to make a single image. It was suggested by Hippolyte Bayard in 1852 for improving the appearance of the skies. It was first shown by William Lake Price in 1855. The technique was revived in t
Orientalism
an obsession with everything that is to the east of Europe/America (including the Middle East/etc); almost entirely fictitious and served to feed America's infatuation with differing cultural norms regarding sex (harems are often depicted, like Ingres); a
Japonisme
Photographs inspired by Japanese print block paintings. An interest in Japanese art aesthetic; includes flattened picture plane, blocks of unmodulated color, etc.; lack of perspective and shadow; flat areas of strong color; compositional freedom (off-cent
Photographic vision (Pg. 90 in Bates)
The idea of how the material of a picture is shown. This "vision" sparked a debate between photographers and artists. The truth and fidelity of a picture became the dominate part of the debate. Photography was seen as mechanical, crude, and a lack of aest
Chronograph
A circular disc that would rotate to take photographs to show movement. Marey created this with the Chronophotograph which was a device shaped like a gun to "shoot a photograph".
Example Photograph: Marey, Analysis of the Flight of the Pigeon, 1887
Futurism
art movement in Italy that wanted to show the dynamism/color/excitement of bustling city life; images are often colorful and fragmented; depicted urban life in a good light; In photography this frequently meant the use of long exposures to show movement.
Pictorialism
a photographic style in which photographers attempted to replicate the aesthetic of paintings in their photos; done in an effort to bring photography up to the standard of painting as a high art; it emerged out of the work of Peter Henry Emerson where art
Gum bichromate
Invented in the 1850's and popularized by photographers during the early 1900's who aimed to have photography accepted as a fine art form. It was a very time consuming process. Photographers would literally paint brushstrokes on the negatives, giving a pa
Photogravure
An intaglio printmaking or photomechanical process whereby a copper plate is coated with a light sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched. It was a high quality print that could be reproduced with the detail and
Joseph Nic�phor Ni�pce, View from His Window at Le Gras, 1826-27; Heliograph ("Sun" writing)
� "World's First Photograph"
� 8hr long exposure
� first person to actually fix an image - he had figured out the chemistry necessary
� His process has since been lost to the public
Henry Fox Talbot, Botanical Specimen c.1839; "Photogenic drawing
� Photogram
� came to fruition because of the camera obscura (the process was similar except it did not need a strong light source
Anna Atkins, British Algae, 1843; Cyanotype
� Photogram
� if you see a cyanotype on an exam, it is probably Atkins
� demonstrated the precision of photographic reproductions
� though cyanographs were unsuitable for photographs, they excelled at producing stable, detailed photograms
William Henry Fox Talbot, The Haystack, 1844; Salted paper print from paper negative
� You can tell the time of the day because of the shadows - it was very carefully composed
� ladder was placed meticulously for its shadow to fall exactly vertical
� Salted paper process
� Paper negative - salted paper used to help it develop
� The image
William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door, 1843; Salted paper print from calotype negative
� Things in this picture make the eye travel back into the composition - brings dimension
� Diagonal bringing the eye up and down the composition
� Conscious composition - not just taken on a whim, very carefully planned out
William Henry Fox Talbot, books, in The Pencil of Nature, 1844
� The entire book "The Pencil of Nature" was supposed to be images "untouched by human hands"
� HOWEVER, this image was misleading because it was originally entitled "library" - without context, the viewer could easily interpret the books as being in a la
William Henry Fox Talbot, Articles of China, 1844; Salted paper print from calotype negative
� The entire book "The Pencil of Nature" was supposed to be images "untouched by human hands"
� "Groups of figures take no longer time to obtain than single figures would require, since the Camera depicts them all at once, however numerous they may be." -
Jacques Louis Daguerre, Still Life, 1837; Daguerreotype
� still lifes were a popular genre in daguerreotype because they were unmoving subjects, and therefore worked well with the long exposure times necessary
� still lifes worked with daguerreotypes because of the high level of detail possible
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, Paris Boulevard, 1839
� first the picture looks as if it is an empty street, but really the people have just been blurred significantly because of the long exposure time
� If you look closely, you can see a figure at the shoe shine stand
� first photograph known to include hum
Southworth and Hawes, Albert Sands Southworth, c. 1848; Daguerreotype
� This was the duo that originally photographed the first use of ether anesthesia
� Lighting seems to have been manipulated here - one of the qualities of a daguerreotype is that it is super detailed in the center and then it fades off - vignette
� Pose,
Chuck Close, Self-Portrait, 2000; Daguerreotype
� uses a super shallow depth of field - really in focus at the center and then it blurs towards the edges
� modern use of an older style of photography
Augustus Washington, Daguerreotypes, USA - Liberia; John Brown, c. 1846-47
� earliest known portrait of the abolitionist John Brown
� he stands with one hand raised, as if repeating the pledge he made several years earlier to dedicate his life to destroying slavery
� With his other hand, he grasps what is thought to be the stand
Hippolyte Bayard, Self-Portrait as a Drowned Man, 1840; Direct paper positive
� this photograph is performance art - there is a narrative that accompanies the photograph that tells a story associated with the image
� it's making fun of the "reality" of photography - obviously a dead man could not photograph himself, and so it bring
Gustave Le Gray, Brig on the Water, 1856; Salted paper print from wax paper negatives
� unlike other prints, this was made with one negative
� succeeded by taking advantage of the qualities of the sea and (like other prints) suggested moonlight/twilight instead of sun
� this was one of the most famous and widely distributed prints of the 1
Gustave Le Gray, Mediterranean Sea at S�te, 1856-59; Albumen silver print from wet collodion glass negatives
� dramatic effects of sunlight, clouds, and water
� one can see the joining of these two negatives at the horizon
� famous not only because of his fantastic exposure of water and sky without one being over or under exposed, but also because the scenes had
Slave Daguerreotypes of Louis Agassiz (commissioned by him)
J.T. Zealy, Jack, 1850s; J.T. Zealy, Drana, 1850s; J.T. Zealy, Delia, 1850s
� "Agassiz commissioned these images to use as scientific visual evidence to prove the physical difference between white Europeans and black Africans. The primary goal was to prove the racial superiority of the white race. The photographs were also meant
Carrie Mae Weems, From Here I Saw What Happened . . And I Cried, 1997
� Appropriated (took something and changed its meaning) photographs and transformed them into something else
� Both the text and the image are necessary in constructing the meaning here
� Critical commentary on race and ethnography
� recontextualizing the
Charles N�gre, Chimney Sweeps Walking, 1851; Salted paper print
� Influenced by realism (not romanticised but really showing the plight of the worker) - especially Gustave Courbet, a French Realist painter (see The Stonebreakers)
� shows a dynamic of dialogue between two mediums of art
� modern view of street life in
Francis Frith, The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid, Geezeh, c.1857 / printed c. 1863; albumen print
� compresses the picture frame with a large depth of field
� tightly cropped
� land acting as typography - pleasure of information being presented (this was in my notes but I am not quite sure what it means?)
� the sphinx and pyramid are perfectly centere
Francis Frith, The Pyramids of El-Gizeh, 1857; albumen print
� Created a number of images like this on his frequent trips to Egypt
� The pyramids are symmetrical in the way that he arranged them in the composition
� the three pyramids overlap one another
� the hill (which looks like a shadow) holds the smaller figu
Martin Parr, The Pyramids, Giza, Egypt, 1995
� part of a series
� Took photographs that resembled the absurd snapshots made by the tourists he was photographing
� shows the difference between the reality and mythology of a tourist location - critique of the reality of photography, as well
� self-ref
Roger Fenton, Valley of the Shadow of Death, 1855; Salted paper print
� reminder of war - cannonballs scattered
� Drew on Charge of the Light Brigade poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson
� Speculation that Fenton manipulated the cannon shells
� Severely delineated horizon - sky is white due to the likelihood of blue to overdevelop
Alexander Gardner/ Timothy O'Sullivan, Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July, 1863; Stereoscope
� memorializing gaze of the camera
� like it has been tampered with
� his images were accompanied with narratives that told the story of the images (but this narrative was FAKE)
� THESE BODIES WERE MOVED
� Most in these photographs was staged, and everyon
Alexander Gardner, The Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, 1863
� again, a fake image
� The body and gun would not have gone that long without being moved or looted - the narrative accompanying it said it was found months later
� the body in the image had been moved from another to that sharpshooter den
Robert Capa, Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death, Cerro Muriano, September 5, 1936
� This image gave Capa international renown
� Defining image of the conflict in Spain at the time
� Some say that this could have been staged, and the man died while posing for a photograph rather than in battle
� Demonstrates the dangers of war for those
Joe Roesnthal, Marines Raising the American Flag on Iwo Jima, February 23, 1945
� Heroic moment, but the flag in the real moment wasn't big enough, so this was a re-enactment
� We see this in other war-time photos as well, and it is a real eye opener in terms of understanding the reality of photography and how its use for documenting
Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt, 1859
� The actress was not yet famous, but she became so later
� this was one of the first "celebrity portraits"
� Experimented with directional lighting
� Eye is brought to the woman's neck
� Drapes of the clothing suggest a shapely body
� Hands and nails are
Nadar, Self-Portrait, 1860
� did numerous self portraits, which allowed him to experiment with poses and expressions before turning the camera on other people
� gazing self-assuredly at a point just above the camera
� intended to make himself look like an intense, romantic artist
�
Nadar, Baudelaire, 1855
� though Nadar photographed Baudelaire many times, this one is the most enigmatic portrait of the poet, who appears to be dreaming with glazed eyes, as if his thoughts were elsewhere
� this is the only known print from their first sitting
� Baudelaire bel
Andre-Adolphe Disderi, France; Uncut Sheet of (8) Cartes de Visite, circa 1855
� carte-de-visite were very cheap to produce and came eight to ten images on a sheet
� the process eliminated the need for careful lighting or darkroom retouching
� brought photography to everyone in a cheap and faster manner than previous methods
� pictu
Anonymous photographer, Sojourner Truth, 1864
Carte-de-visite; Wet-plate collodion negative, albumen print
� Emphasized socially constructed identities
� used as propaganda
� Truth's photographs liberated her from the words of others
� After being enslaved, these portraits served as her literal embodiment - rendering of the spirit trapped within
� "black woman
Mathew Brady, Abraham Lincoln, Feb. 27, 1860 (Cooper Union Portrait); Carte-de-visite, wet-plate collodion negative / salted paper print
� Looking up at him
� Classical pillar in the background
� Distinguished pose
� He's represented as scholarly
� taken directly before he delivered his address at Cooper union
� he is unusually beardless
� he drew lincolns collar up high to improve his app
Cameron, Julia Jackson, 1867; Left: wet-plate collodion ambrotype/ Right: albumen print
� Poetic, aesthetic component
� ethereal and almost bodiless
� portrayed as unspecified ideals of beauty, grace, and purity
� taken right before Julia's wedding (Cameron's niece)
J.M. Cameron, Sir John Herschel, 1867
� inspired by the PRB (pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood?)
� he was her inspiration and mentor
� she aimed to capture the greatness of the inner as well as the features of the outer man
� shows him as a mythical figure with tousled hair
� he emerges from the bla
J.M. Cameron, Henry Taylor (A Rembrandt), 1865
� part of the PRB ? ? (Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood - can be abbreviated as this)
� Referencing fine arts in the title and composition- making photography into an art
� Uses sfumato
Robert Howlett, Isambard Kingdom Brunel and the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern, 1857; Albumen print from wet collodion glass plate neg.
� Shallow depth of field
� Something in the picture refers to something outside of the picture (stove hat, cigar, posture, chains - signify wealth) - signifiers telling you additional information
� this was the engineer of the steamship Great Eastern
� an
Carleton Watkins, Cape Horn, Columbia River, Oregon, 1867; Wet-plate collodion, albumen print
� best known for his pictures of the american west
� combined a virtuoso mastery of the difficult wet plate negative process with a rigorous sense of pictorial structure.
� physical demands were great because they were large format images - his glass nega
Carleton Watkins, Agassiz Rock and Yosemite Falls, from Union Point, c. 1867; Wet-plate collodion, albumen print and stereoview
� Signs of civilization just visible on the floor of the valley emphasize the scale of the valley
� Commissioned a cabinet maker to make him a camera that held humongous negative plates
� His work played a large role in the congressional grant given in 18
Timothy O'Sullivan, Ancient Ruins in the Canyon de Chelly, 1873; Albumen print
� Lines
� Texture - lots of play with contrasting texture
� Light - diffused, natural lighting; evenness, but the angle is casting shadows
� Contrast
� Framing - frame is what you put in the picture and what you exclude
� conveys the sights imposing grand
Timothy O'Sullivan, Sand Dunes, Carson Desert, Nevada, 1867(Ambulance wagon/portable darkroom); Albumen print from glass negative; Clarence King Fortieth Parallel Survey 1867-73
� you can see where the wagon abruptly stopped and U-turned in the image
� the footprints show where O'Sullivan came from
� reveals the tracks that have been altered by the winds of the sand dunes
� the wagon's striking contrast against the landscape show
William Henry Jackson, Grand Canyon of the Colorado River, 1883; Albumen print
� Excitement, thrill, and danger of the west
� sublime view of the Grand Canyon
� contrasts human and natural scale
� landscape photography meant to elicit a strong emotional response
William Henry Jackson, Mountain of the Holy Cross, 1873; Wet-plate collodion negative, albumen print
� the negative has been altered because a number of setbacks made it so that when Jackson got there, the snow on the mountain was mostly gone
� proof that myth was "reality" - paved the way to protecting land in the west, as did most of his other photogra
Panopticon by Jeremy Bentham, 1791
� Allowed people to watch inmates in an institution without them knowing they were being watched
� It was never built, but the idea was interesting
� Could be used for prisons, hospitals, etc.
� This is where the idea for the panorama came from, being abl
William Henry Jackson, Panorama of Marshall Pass and Mt.Ovray, 1890
� panoramic photo of a train traversing Marshall pass
� the train is barely visible
� panorama offers a mastery over the scene and even over nature itself
Ansel Adams, Mt. Williamson, from Manzanar, 1945
� everything is in focus - represents the large depth of field frequently used by Adams
� high level of contrast
� used large plates to capture this image
� subject matter of the American west
Ansel Adams, Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico, 1941
� everything is in focus - represents the large depth of field frequently used by Adams
� Taken a year before he formally codified the method of exposure and development he called the Zone System.
� He used the luminance of the moon to estimate his exposu
Andreas Gursky, Endgadin, 1995; C-Print, 160 250 cm
� First, you're drawn to the beauty of it, but then you realize the people at the bottom are invading this nature
� Scale becomes a big thing
� Resisted essentialized category - doesn't fit into
� The picturesque needs to be examined if we are to take it
Edward Burtynsky, Shipbreaking #11, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2000; Chromogenic color print, variable size
� Huge oil tanker spill
� Using the medium to critique society but to also use as a dynamic form
� looks at the tragedy of industrial costs
� explores the mechanisms and environmental legacies of heavy industry.
� we are presented with large, pin-sharp la
Oscar Rejlander, Two Ways of Life, 1857; Wet-plate collodion, Albumen print, 30" x 16"; Combination print, 30 negatives
� Controversial for it's "untruthful" production
� Composition photograph (used 30 different negatives to make one picture)
� Nudity was considered improper in such a realistic medium
� Father leads two youths into adulthood in the center
� Curtains reinf
Henry Peach Robinson, Fading Away, 1858; wet-plate collodion, albumen combination print
� influenced by Rejlander
� Someone is dying - however, these are all models, no one is actually dying
� Spliced together from other negatives
� People got upset because the photograph wasn't "real" and they felt tricked
� it was a staged scene, and so it
Peter Henry Emerson, Gathering Water Lilies, 1886; Platinum print
� He advocated naturalism in photography, which meant that he believed photographs should represent nature as truthfully as possible without manipulation by the photographer
� He presented his images in books so that text could accompany them
� He derived
Peter Henry Emerson, Poling the Marsh-Hay; Photogravure in Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads, 1886
� Pictorialist who engaged in these very atmospheric landscapes - PICTORIALISM
� Platinum photography is the most luminous, archival, and rare; Expensive and time consuming; greatest tonal range
� Done in a monochrome printing process that results in the
George Davidson, The Onion Field, 1889; Photogravure in Camera Work, 1907; Pinhole camera
� Based his ideas on Emersons PHOTOGRAPHS rather than his IDEAS
� Everything is slightly out of focus, there is no selective focus
� Move to more evocative and expressive photographs
� Moving away from an absolute replication of reality
� Impressionistic
Edward Steichen, Self-Portrait, 1902; Gum bichromate print
� Steichen was a painter and in his photographs he portrays himself as a painter
� pictorial aspect of photography
� holding a painters palette and a paintbrush; wearing a smock
� implies that the photographic craft is equal to that of the traditional art
Edward Steichen, Rodin - The Eve, 1907; Autochrome
� 1907 - the Autochrome Lumiere is the first color process that was marketed and used
� soft focus of the image makes it seem as if it is the photographer's dreams
� Though color photography existed before, this was the first time that color photography c
Robert Demachy, Spring, 1896; Gum bichromate print
� Nude young girl - she somehow maintains her dignity while betraying vulnerability
� The hairstyle was natural, not fashionable
� Printed with red ochre (used with the gum biochromate process) - multi-layered printing gives this a painted feel
� This pho
Joseph Nic�phore Ni�pce
first photograph (took several hours to expose); created the first heliograph. "View from his Window at Les Gras (1827)
Jacques Louis Mand� Daguerre
invented daguerreotype with the discovery of idolized silver plates that could be developed with mercury producing direct positives. "Still Life" (1837)
William Henry Fox Talbot
Created the first calotype process of salt paper process. In his photogenic drawings he was able to "fix" the image by using a silver compound on paper. With his book Pencil of Nature, Talbot created the first major photographic publication of his own pri
Anna Atkins
Was the first female photographer to use the cyanotype process (invented by Sir John Herschel) to create prints of British Algae. She did this by flattening dried algae effectively as negatives, positioning them onto sheets of sensitive paper in the sun.
Hippolyte Bayard
Photographer that invented a photographic paper by direct paper positive which combined daguerreotype process to Talbots paper. His invention, however, was too late. Thus he made a photo of himself that was a performance in order to show his frustration.
Platt Babbitt
Photographer who in 1853 was granted a monopoly concession to establish a daguerreotype studio on the U.S side of the Niagara Falls. His photographs were apart of the exploration of the world and tourism thanks to the daguerreomania.
Southworth & Hawes
daguerreotypes, making photography into art. Used daguerreotypes to document events such as "the use of ether for Anesthesia c.1847". They did this to provide authenticity and posterity. Hawes was known to harness light and shade so effectively in the pho
Abe Morell
A modern photographer that uses the camera obscura to create modern compositions. In order to achieve this, he darkens the room by covering all the windows with dark plastic. Then he cuts a small hole into the material he used to cover the windows. Light
Chuck Close
contemporary photographer who has experimented with daguerreotypes, like the one we have to study that includes intense detail in the middle and blurred on the sides
Adam Fuss
Photographer who resurrected the daguerreotype. He experiments with such diverse processes as the monochrome gelatin silver and color saturated gye destruction prints. His "Butterfly Daguerreotype" has a polished surface and reflects the viewers countenan
Robert Adamson & David Octavius Hill
Scottish calotypists from 1843-1847. They were the first to produce a self body of work using this new medium of photography of 300 photographs. David Hill was a painter and Robert was a photographer. Hill wanted to record the break in Scotland so he had
Roger Fenton
Important British Calotypist. He traveled and took pictures of buildings and war. He is most famous for his works during the Crimean war (didn't show death). He was also an advocate for photography's status as an art form.
"Valley of the Shadow of Death
Gustave Le Gray
Landscape photographer that participated in the dialogue between painting an art in his photograph of the Forest of Fontainebleau (1851; albumen print from wax paper negative). In his career he participated by working alongside of the painters of the Barb
Dan Estabrook
Photographer that worked on waxed paper to create a salt print positive. His photograph "Little Window" (1999) was pencil on calotype negative and was dedicated to Talbot's "Latticed Window".
Sally Mann
Modern photographer that caused controversy in 1992 when she photographed her children (under age 10) naked or partially dressed
Carrie Mae Weems
Artist and Photographer of the 1990's that used appropriation where she would borrow photographs and transform them by using a recognizable change in order to not claim or change the original photograph as her own. She is most famous for her series "I Saw
Charles N�gre
Photographer that was interested in studies of figures especially those on the streets. His figures appeared candid and instantaneous which would later become to define street photography.
"Chimney Sweeps Walking" (1851; albumen print from wax paper negat
Hugh Welch Diamond
Photographer interested in the human condition.Took and used photographs in an asylum and recommended they be used for diagnosing and treating patients. His photographs were one of the earliest used by portraying using the camera to capture and record sci
Alfred Stieglitz
Known to be the founder of modern photography. His photographs were known to capture historical objects. He was a pictorialist photographer, but then in the 1900's he moved away from it and more toward modernism, cubism, and expressionism.
"Steerage" (190
Ansel Adams (depth of field�f 64)
Photographer that produced lyrical landscape photography which would dominate photographic art making. He was also known for doing straight photography by focusing on everyday things.
"Moonrise Hernandez, New Mexico" (1941; silver print)
Joe Rosenthal
journalistic/war photography. Was apart of the eyewitness photography that began to be used that allowed the public to view the war in real time. However, his famous photograph of the flag being raised is questionable when it comes to authenticity.
"Old G
Augustus Washington
Daguerreotypist and photographer. Is best known for his Daguerreotype "John Brown, c.1846-1847). Is a good example of documentation of the civil war time period.
Nadar
Portrait photographer who was very conscious of artists and photographers in the 19th century. Using his hobby of ballooning, he created the first aerial photographs. He raised photography to the height of art, where he lent his studio to impressionists w
Julia Margaret Cameron
Photographer whose portraits dramatized Pre Raphael light. She would invite members of the Raphael Brotherhood to come get their picture taken. Her photographic style consisted of using differential focus, costume box clothes, and occasional props to crea
Andre-Adolphe Disd�ri
patented cartes des visites. "Napoleon III and Family" (1860)
Francis Frith
Photographer that traveled to Egypt to take photos to contribute to "land on topography" which increased the need for tourism. His photographs were mostly taken with wet collodion, which lead him to have his own traveling dark room to achieve the print. H
Peter Henry Emerson
Pictorialist photographer that took up on the concept of the picturesque in landscapes. He believed that photographic art was best learned through practice and by applying naturalistic differential focusing not by the application of artistic rules. His ph
Charles Marville
Photographer during the factual era of photography that depended on what the camera could do. He believed in longer exposure times in order to ensure that he did not register casual passersby thus imparting a melancholic atmosphere in his pictures.
"Rue d
Thomas Ruff
Modern Photographer that created big portraits using lighting and solid colors. His subjects were often emotionless.
Jeff Wall
A modern contemporary art photographer whose photographs were often staged. They are often presented as large format transparencies in light boxes.His work often references the history of painting.
" The Flooded Grave" (1998-2000; aluminum light box)
Hiroshi Sugimoto
Photographer of the sublime who took horizon photographs of ocean fronts. He would measure landscape through time.
"North Atlantic Ocean, Cape Breton Island" (1996, Silver Print)
Edward Burtynsky
Modern Photographer of the dead tech sublime. His photographs represent what man has done to the planet. They are often large scale prints taken from aerial or elevated angles to reveal the horror and beauty of industrial scenes. his photographs show us t
Maxine Ducamp
Photographer that traveled to Egypt and took tourism pictures. His photographic work is frontal, with strong geometry, and cool tones.
John B. Greene
Photographer that traveled to Egypt to satisfy own research interests; although, his photographs would add to the attractions of tourism that photography would produce. He produced photographs on waxed paper negatives which lacked sharp definition though
Robert Demachy
Pictorialist photographer who utilized the gum bichromate process to manipulate the negative during development to introduce a painterly effect to photography. He believed in using photography as an artistic expression rather than as a mechanic process.
Frances Benjamin Johnston
A female photographer who portrayed herself as a "new woman" by striking a very masculine posture with a cigarette and tankard. Her photograph played with gender roles. She used photography to challenge a narrative.
"Self Portrait (as a New Woman)" (1896;
Oscar Rejlander
Photographer known to take up a form of photography that would mimic painting through combination printing; In his Two Ways of Life he took individual photographs and put them together. Women were showed in the nude and shocked society. He was also known
Henry Peach Robinson
A British photographer that constructed narrative photography. He used combination printing and used it as a tool to promote his firm belief that in the hands of artists who understood the rules of composition and lighting, photography could aspire and ac
Edgar Degas
First painter to embrace photography in his work; he would make a painting that looked like a photograph such as his ballet dancers painting. His paintings began to have strange croppings where people would be cut in half, or the focal point would be off
Timothy O'Sullivan
Famous photographers of the west at the end of the 19th century and the Civil War. In his photographs, he would diffuse natural lighting so that it spread evenly, and would cast shadows.
"Ancient Ruins in the Canyon De Chelly" (1873; albumen print)
Mathew Brady
War Photographer and portraitist. He conceived the idea of creating a comprehensive photographic record of the Civil War where he sent out teams of photographers with their own traveling dark rooms to follow the Union armies. He also did working class pho
Alexander Gardner
Civil War photographer who published the Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Under photographs he would give elaborate narratives to describe the photographs. Sometimes his titles were false (for example sometimes the same narration was put for Confedera
Gregory Crewdson
Modern photographer that is known for elaborately staged tableaux such as "Untitled (Ophelia)" (2001; Laser chromogenic color print). The series references cinema not only in its method of construction, high production values, and dramatic lighting, but a
Carleton Watkins
Landscape photographer of the west that used large cameras to make larger photos. He framed his exhibition prints. His photos showed great depth and distance between the rocks and mountains.His photos played a large part in the governments decisions to pr
William Henry Jackson
Geological survey photographer; his photographs frequently included aspects of both the picturesque and the sublime. He utilizes scale and distance. Is a good example of how photographers/artists thought about how landscape is being represented and depict
Andreas Gursky
Photographer that considers himself an "artist", he resisted centralized category of the political debate between being named what you are vs. what you want to be. His photographs are known to represent a tragic picturesque or sublime.
Edward Muybridge
Photographer interested in motion in photography. He took photos of horses with high contrast, 1/2000 second of an exposure time. He wanted to break down parts to see what would happen. He created the Zoopraxiscope to show drawings from his motion photogr
Jules Etienne Marey
Photographer interested in motion that also took horse photos, but in chronophotographic style (interested in physics of how the body actually moves); images are blurred. He wanted hard measurable facts. The Chronophotograph was designed to be shaped like
Alvin Langdon Coburn
Pictorialist photographer. Often took photographs of himself due to an interest in the inner depths that could be revealed through portrait. He was also interested in space and pattern of Japanese aesthetics.
"Wrapping" (1904; gum platinum print)
Edward Steichen
Pictorialist photographer that worked with Steglitz. He would take photos and recreate them with photography.
"Rodin with The Thinker and Victor Hugo" (1902, gum bichromate composite print)
F. Holland Day
known for "The 7 Last Words of Christ." His photographs in this series made his audience appalled because unlike paintings of Christ where the viewer can suspend disbelief, there is a real, live person in the photographs
Edward Curtis
Photographed approximately 80 groups of Native Americans between 1895 and 1904. His photography is ethnographic pictorialism, creating a romantic narrative of nostalgia for these "vanishing races". He showed the narrative of past controversy.
1820s
Heliograph
1800s
Photogenic Drawing (Thomas Wedgwood)
1830s
Cyanotype/Daguerreotypes
1840s
� salted paper print from paper negative or calotype negative
� daguerreotype
� direct paper positive
1850s
� Salted paper print from wax paper negatives
� wet plate collodion negative
� albumen silver prints from wet collodion glass negatives
� albumen print
� cartes de visite
� combination prints
1860s
� albumen print
� stereoscope
� stereoviews
� wet plate collodion ambrotype
1870s
� albumen print
� albumen print from glass negative
� wet plate collodion negative albumen print
1880s
� albumen print
� platinum print
� photogravure
� pinhole camera
1890s
� panorama
� gum bichromate
1900s
� gum bichromate print
� composite print
� autochrome
� silver prints