What did Rome become the center of around 1600?
Around 1600, Rome became the center of Baroque artistic activity.
What did Caravaggio develop?
Although his career was very short, Caravaggio developed a new style of painting that would forever change the course of Western Art. This style included the use of "everyday" people as models for his religious works and having them wear clothing contempo
Who was Artemisia Gentileschi's work influenced by?
Artemisia Gentileschi's work was influenced by her work with her father, Orazi Gentileschi, a fresco painter, as well as the work of Caravaggio. Caravaggio's influence can be seen in her use of tenebrism, lighting, and naturalism in Judith and Her Maidser
Who introduced Classicism into Baroque art?
Annibale Carracci introduced Classicism, based on the art of the High Renaissance, into Baroque Art.
What was a favorite device of Baroque secular and religious architecture?
Illusionistic ceiling paintings
When was St. Peter's completed?
St. Peter's (19.14) was completed during the Baroque period. Carlo Maderno's design for the facade followed an earlier design by Michelangelo. After Maderno's death, Gialorenzo Bernini continued the project, designing the exterior elliptical arch (suggest
What does Francesco Borromini's facade for San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane exemplify?
Francesco Borromini's facade for San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane exemplifies the theatricality of the Baroque period, with a merger of architectural and sculptural elements.
Where is the element of theatricality best expressed?
The element of theatricality is perhaps best expressed in Bernini's The Ecstasy of St. Theresa (19.31). The audience, members of the Cornaro family portrayed as relief sculptures in theater boxes, are provided as well, completing the illusion.
Who did the Spanish court prefer to commission? What did this result in?
The Spanish court preferred to commission foreign artists over native artists. This resulted in a strong artistic influence from Italy and the Netherlands. As such, Spanish Baroque art was heavily influenced by Caravaggism.
How was naturalism expressed in Spain?
The naturalism, which was a hallmark of Caravaggism, is expressed in a harsher manner in Spain, with a stronger light cast on the subjects of the paintings.
Tenebrism
A style that uses strong contrasts of light and dark
Quadro Riporato
Classicism that adopts Raphaelesque style of the mythological panels
Baldacchino
A splendid fusion of sculpture and architecture (Bernini)
Cathedra Petri
Apse of the church , throne of Saint Peter by Bernini
Teresa of Avila
One of the great saints of the Counter Reformation and director of the Reformed Order of the Discalced Carmelites. Canonized in 1622.
Bozzetti/modelli
A preparatory study or model, usually at a smaller scale, for a work of art or architecture, especially one produced for the approval of the commissioning patron.
Bodegones
In Spanish art means still life of pantry items.
King Philip IV
A king of France who tried to claim the right to tax clergy, which was met with struggle from Pope Boniface VIII; the king sent forces to Italy to take the pope to trial, but he escaped, and died afterwords; Philip then elected a new French pope (Clement
Order of Santiago
order in which Velazquez became a knight in 1659; he returned to the Las Meninas several years after painting it and added the mark of the Order
Who was Rubens work informed by? What art market did he dominate?
Rubens, whose work was informed by the style of Michelangelo, Caravaggio, and Titian, dominated the Flemish art market in the seventeenth-century with his religious works and portraits in high demand.
What did Rubens characterize?
Rubens characterized the "virtuoso artist" of the Baroque period, having traveled extensively, speaking several languages, and being well read. After being trained in Antwerp, Rubens traveled to Italy where he studied the Italian artistic traditions for e
How was the Baroque style transmitted to Holland?
The Baroque style was transmitted to Holland through Rubens and artistic contact with Caravaggism.
What kind of paintings were popular in Flanders?
Still life painting was very popular in Flanders, including flower and food subjects.
What were there many of in the Dutch Republic?
There were many artistic communities in the Dutch republic, including Haarlem, Utrecht, Amsterdam, and Delft. Most artists were associated with one area, with Frans Hals in Haarlem, Hendrick Terbrugghen in Utrecht, Rembrandt van Rijn in Amsterdam, and Jan
What was the focus on in Haarlem art?
In Haarlem, the focus was on portraits and genre painting with innovations in brushstroke and portraiture. This can be seen in Frans Hals' Married Couple in the Garden (20-17). The couple is off center, adding to the realism of the work. This sense of imm
What was Rembrandt's technique?
By the mid-seventeenth century, Rembrandt was the most sought-after portraitist in Amsterdram. Rembrandts technique uses impasto-a heavy layering of the paint to achieve greater texture.
How was Dutch art characterized?
Dutch art was characterized by landscape, still life, and genre painting. Unlike works in Italy, which were commissioned works, many Northern European artworks were painted with the intention of selling them on the open market. Many of these works were sm
Why did still life become more prominent?
The still life rose to new prominence during this period, with the popularity of vanitas still life in which the composition of the painting--an overturned cup, an unfinished meal--spoke to the shortness of life.
What were Jan Steen's genre paintings intended to tell?
Jan Steen's genre paintings were intended to tell a moral story.
What is Jan Vermeer's work characterized by?
Jan Vermeer's work is characterized by inside scenes and light, which often enters through a window. To create these effects, Vermeer may have used camera obscura.
Spanish Habsburgs
The Catholic Spanish Habsburgs had ruled the Netherlands in the 16th century, but Philip II's repressive measures against the Protestants and his attempts to curtail their autonomy led to a rebellion that lasted 25 years.
House of Orange
In 1581, the northern provinces of the Netherlands, led by William the Silent of Nassau of the House of Orange, declared their independence from Spain. Catholicism remained the official religion.
Kunstkammer
Rooms of art" Art collections.
Wunderkammer
Rooms of wonder" Art collections.
Exotica
...
Pronk still life
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Portraiture
...
Genre painting
painting in which scenes of everyday life are depicted
Impasto
painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible
Camera Obscura
An experimental optical device that was a forerunner of the photographic camera
Theatricality
an artificial and mannered quality (??)
Who was the military and cultural power in Europe during the 17th century?
In the 17th century, France was the military and cultural power in Europe, and Paris vied with Rome as the capital city of the arts.
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was founded in Paris in 1648. One of the founders was Charles Le Brun, who formalized the Academy into an institution and ultimately became the "chief dispenser of royal art patronage." Under the control of the
What did the art of Nicolas Poussin embody?
The art of Nicolas Poussin embodied the Classical style, which became a model for students training at the French Academy.
What did Poussin regard history painting as?
Poussin regarded history painting as more "intellectual" than naturalistic paintings of Caravaggio, reportedly telling a contemporary that "Caravaggio had come into the world to destroy painting.
What did Poussin's "ideal landscape" reflect?
Poussin's "ideal landscape" did not reflect an actual place, but instead was an imaginary setting. This type of landscape can be seen in Poussin's Landscape with St. John on Patmos (21-17).
What were Claude Lorrain's landscape?
Claude Lorrain's idyllic landscapes were deeply classical.
What is Versailles is an embodiment of?
Versailles is an embodiment of the Baroque ideal of classical theatricality, serving as a stage to highlight the political power of the Sun King.
Classicism
Retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. Classicism concerns itself with form and discipline.
History Painting
Based on historical, mythological, or biblical narratives, and conveyed high moral/intellectual idea
The Sun King
King Louis XIV. he adopted the symbolic imagery of the sun as well as the Greek good of the sun, Apollo, and came to be called the Sun King.
Absolutism
A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power. Absolute power.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Style of Louis XIV
Manipulated art to serve as propaganda for his absolutist policies.
Ideal of "gloire
Reflected King Louis XIV desire to give concrete form to the majesty of his rule, and of France too.
Ideal landscape
Puts a stark difference between it and what you could just look outside the window and see
Pastoral landscape
Does not aim for topographic accuracy in paintings but instead evokes the poetic essence of a countryside filled with echoes of antiquity. (Claude)
What is the Rococo style often viewed as?
The Rococo style is often viewed as a final, specialized phase of the Baroque.
What differentiates Rococo art from Baroque art?
A sense of fantasy and lightheartedness differentiates Rococo art from Baroque art.
What factionalized the French academy?
At the end of the 17th century, followers of Poussin and followers of Rubens, engaged in a dispute over the primacy of drawing or color. The Rubenistes favored color over drawing, while Poussinistes preferred drawing. This debate factionalized the French
What did Jean-Antoine develop?
Jean-Antoine Watteau developed the fete galante in which aristocrats were depicted in idyllic settings in luxurious clothing. The fete galante joined the hierarchy of genres recognized by the Academy.
Who upheld the tradition of the fete galante?
The tradition of the fete galante was continued with Francois Boucher and Jean Honore Fragonard.
What are Chardin's still lifes characterized by?
Chardin's still lifes are characterized by very balanced compositions with few objects, while his Soap Bubbles is tied to the tradition of Dutch Genre painting.
What were items in Chinese style known as?
Items in Chinese style were known as Chinoiserie and belonged mostly to the decorative arts.
Where did Rococo style flourish? What did interior design become a significant aspect of?
The Rococo style flourished in decorative arts and interior design became significant aspect of architectural form.
What was French Rococo sculptures used for?
French Rococo sculptures was used to decorate the interiors of rooms and was meant to be seen from close range.
How was Rococo style communicated in Germany and Austria?
In Germany and Austria, the Rococo style was mainly communicated through architecture.
What is considered one of the finest architectural designs the of mid-eighteenth century?
Dominikus Zimmermann's design for the pilgrimage church "Die Wies" (22-19)
Giovanni Battistta Tiepolo
Italian artists worked outside Italy, with Giovanni Battisstta Tiepolo creating the illusionistic fresco paintings for several palaces and churches throughout Germany and Spain.
Rocaille
Pebble". Refers to what were then perceived as the excessively ornate tastes of the early 18th century.
Salons
Social centers for intellectual gathering.
Madame de Pompadour
Godmother of Rococo". She was Louis XV's mistress, as well as his frequent political advisor and a major patron of the arts.
Boudoir
A lady's bedroom or private sitting room
Decorative arts
Art forms that include woodwork, furniture, ceramic, glass, jewelry, textiles, and metalwork.
Morality painting
Conveys a moral message.
Rococo
Natural quality and a sense of ornamentation well suited to court life
Parisian hotels
Social centers. The architecture was very important. Demanded an intimate style of interior decoration that gave full scope to individual fancy, uninhibited by the classicism seen in the monumentality of Versailles.