Academic art
Art governed by rules, especially works sanctioned by an official institution, academy, or school. Originally applied to art that conformed to standards established by the French Academy regarding composition, drawing, and color usage. The term has come t
Arbitrary color
When artists ignore the real colors of objects and instead make color choices that support personal preference and express meaning
Arts & Crafts movement
An international design movement that originated in Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It was instigated by the artist and writer William Morris (1834-1896) in the 1860s and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin (1819-1900). It influenced
History painting
The painting of scenes from the past.
Paintings based on mythological or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art. They generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style.
Impressionism
A style of painting that originated in France about 1870. (The first Impressionist exhibit was held in 1874.) Paintings of casual subjects were executed outdoors using divided brush strokes to capture the light and mood of a particular moment and the tran
Neoclassicism
The emulation of classical Greek and Roman art; much of the subject matter was Roman because it expressed a republican, or nonmonarchical, governement.
Post-Impressionism
A general term applied to various personal styles of painting by French artists (or artists living in France) that developed from about 1885 to 1900 in reaction to what these artists saw as the somewhat formless and aloof quality of Impressionist painting
Pointillism
A system of painting using ./ tiny dots or "points" of color, developed by French artist Georges Seurat in the 1880s. Seurat systematized the divided brushwork and optical color mixture of the Impressionists and called his technique Divisionism.
Realism
1. A type of representational art in which the artist depicts as closely as possible what the eye sees. 2. Realism. The mid-nineteenth-century style of Courbet and others, based on the idea that ordinary people and everyday activities are worthy subjects
Romanticism
1. A literary and artistic movement of Jate eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe, aimed at asserting the validity of subjective experience as a countermovement to the often cold formulas of Neoclassicism; characterized by intense emotional excitement
Salon
An official art exhibition in France, juried by members of the official French Academy.
Sublime
A concept, thing or state of exceptional and awe-inspiring beauty and moral or intellectual expression � a goal to which many nineteenth-century artists aspired in their artworks. Noble, majestic.
Symbolism
An art movement which rejected the purely visual realism of the Impressionists, and the rationality of the Industrial Age, in order to depict the symbols of ideas. Influenced by Romanticism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, it thrived in France in the l
Analytic Cubism
The first phase of Cubism, from about 1907 to 1912. Analytic cubists reduced natural forms to their basic geometric parts and then tried to reconcile these essentially three-dimensional parts with the two-dimensional picture plane. Color was greatly subdu
Collage
From the French coller, to glue. A work made by gluing various materials, such as paper scraps, photographs, and cloth, on a flat surface.
Dada
A movement in art and literature, founded in Switzerland in the early twentieth century, which ridiculed contemporary culture and conventional art. The Dadaists shared an anti militaristic and anti-aesthetic attitude, generated in part by the horrors of W
De Stijl (The Style)
A Dutch purist art movement begun during World War I by Mondrian and others. It involved painters, sculptors, designers, and architects whose works and ideas were expressed in De Stijl magazine. De Stijl, Dutch for "the style," was aimed at creating a uni
die blaue Reiter (the Blue Rider)
One main groups of German Expressionism led by Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, who lived in Munich between 1908 and 1914 and who shared his German associates a concern for developing an art that would turn people away from false values, toward spiritua
die Brücke (the Bridge)
Another main group of German Expressionism led by Ernst Lugwig Kirchner, architecture student turned painter, and founder of the Bridge. It included several of his fellow architectual students, Emil Nolde, and others. They appealed to artists to revolt ag
Fauvism
A style of painting introduced in Paris in the early twentieth century, characterized by areas of bright, contrasting color and simplified shapes. The name les fauves is French for "the wild beasts.
Futurism
A group movement that originated in Italy in 1909. One of several movements to grow our of Cubism. Futurists added implied motion to the shifting planes and multiple observation points of the Cubists; they celebrated natural as well as mechanical motion a
German Expressionism
German artists who desired to express attitudes and emotions that were so pronounced and sustained. It developed the imagery characterized by vivid, often angular simplifications of their subjects, dramatic color contrasts, with bold, at times crude finis
Harlem Renaissance
Majorly influenced by philosopher Alain Locke's book THE NEW NEGRO. It included poets, musicians, novelists, and visual artists. The Renaissance included Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, Zora Neale Hurston, etc. Visual arts was an intregral part of the move
International Style
408 & 409
Constructivism
406
Papier colle
A type of collage in which paper shapes are combined into one work of art. French, literally "stuck paper.
Photo montage
A montage of photographs.
montage - A single pictorial composition made by juxtaposing or overlapping many pictures or designs. The art or process of making such a composition. Also, a rapid succession of different images or shots in a movie.
Regionalism
Also known as American scene painting, a style of art that was popular in the United States during the 1930s. The artists who worked in this style wanted to paint the American scene � away from the New York area � in a clear, simple way that could be unde
Social realism
A type of realism which is more overtly political in content, critical of society, marked by its realistic depiction of social problems. Paintings by Jean Fran�ois Millet (French, 1814-75), a painter associated with the Barbizon school, such as The Gleane
Suprematism
A variation of abstract art, originating in Russia in the early 20th century, characterized by the use of geometric shapes as the basic elements of the composition.
A type of art formulated by Kazimir Malevich to convey his belief that the supreme reality
Surrealism
402
Synthetic Cubism
The most influential style of the twentieth century, developed in Paris by Picasso and Braque, beginning in 1907. The early mature phase of the style, called analytical Cubism, lasted from 1909 through 191l. Cubism is based on the simultaneous presentatio
WPA
(Works Progress Administration) set up during the Depression in the 1930's. It set up art centers in one hundred cities. Jacob Lawrence was a product of one of these centers in Harlem where he met leaders of the Renaissance. PAGE 419
Abstract Expressionism
An art movement, primarily in painting, that originated in the United States in the 1940s and remained Strong through the J 950s. Artists working in many different styles emphasized spontaneous personal expression in large paintings that are abstract or n
Action painting
A style of nonrepresentational painting that relies on the physical movement of the artist by using such gestural techniques as vigorous brushwork, dripping, and pouring. Dynamism is often created through the interlaced directions of the paint's impact. A
Color-field painting
A movement that grew out of Abstract Expressionism, in which large stained or painted areas or "fields" of color evoke aesthetic and emotional responses.
Conceptual Art
An art form in which the originating idea and the process by which it is presented take precedence over a tangible product. Conceptual works are sometimes produced in visible form, but they often exist only as descriptions of mental concepts or ideas. Thi
Earthworks
Sculptural forms made from earth, rocks, or sometimes plants, often on a vast scale and in remote locations. Some are deliberately impermanent.
Happenings
An event conceived by artists and performed by artists and others, usually unrehearsed and without a specific script or stage.
Hard-Edge
A term first used in the 1950s to distinguish styles of paintings in which shapes are precisely defined by sharp edges, in contrast to the usually blurred or soft edges in Abstract Expressionist paintings.
Graphiti Art
Term applied to an arrangement of institutionally illicit marks in which there has been an attempt to establish some sort of coherent composition: such marks are made by an individual or individuals (not generally professional artists) upon a wall or othe
Installation
A type of art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks 'in a room, thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated. Also called environments.
Issue oriented art
Art where artists withiin the past 20 years have sought to link their art to current social questions. They believe they can limit their art to aesthetic matters, then their work will be only a distraction from pressing problems. They recognize that what
Minimal Art
A nonrepresentational style of sculpture and painting, usually severely restricted in the use of visual elements and often consisting of simple geometric shapes or masses. The style came to prominence in the late 1960s.
Neo-Expressionism
462
, An art movement that emerged in the 1970s and that reflects the artists' interest in the expressive capability of art, seen earlier in German Expressionism and Abstract Expressionism. Susan Rothenberg was one of the first.
Neo-Dada
Works of Johns and Rauschenberg which provided a bridge between Abstract Expressionism and later Pop Art. It broke out in Europe in 1958.
Muralism
A large wall painting, often executed in fresco.
Murals are a form of art that often expresses contemporary issues that tell a story about the present and the past.
Op-Art
A twentieth century art movement and style in which artists sought to create an impression of movement on the picture surface by means of optical illusion. It is derived from, and is also known as Optical Art and Perceptual Abstraction. In the 1960s art w
Performance Art
Dramatic presentation by visual artists (as distinguished from theater artists such as actors and dancers) in front of an audience, usually apart from a formal theatrical setting.
Photorealist Painting
Realist paintings and sculptures involving thorough reproduction of detail. In painting the results were nearly photographic � in fact made from photographs (although painters had been working from photographs since the early days of photography).
Strong
Pop Art
A style of painting and sculpture that developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, in Britain and the United States; based on the visual cliches, subject matter, and impersonal style of popular mass-media imagery.
Post Modernism
An attitude or trend of the 1970s, J 980s, and 1990s. In architecture,
the movement away from or beyond what had become boring adaptations of the International Style, in favor of an imaginative, eclectic approach. In the other visual arts, Post-Modern is
Site Works
Works that are inseparavle from the sites for which they were designed. the artist's sensitivity to the location determines the composition, scale, medium, and even the content of each piece
Superrealist Sculpture
(Hyperrealism) is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is a fully-fledged school of art and can be considered as an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting photorealistic p
Cubism
One of the most influential art movements. Beginning in Paris, it spread to many parts of the world. Makes possible many ambiguities between presence and absence, representation and abstraction, figure and ground. It suggests meanings that are relative an
Earth Art
Land art refering to a movement of artists with wide ranging goals, but all created in nature, employing such materials as stones, dirt, and leaves.
American art movement of the 1960s using the land itself as medium; monuments of great scale and simplicit
The Bauhaus
Group of German artists who believed optimistically that new technology and art could rebuild their damaged society? Created streamlined office buildings and design functional furniture, utensils, books, interiors, clothing, and decorative objects.
Reflec
Cezanne
Post-Impressionist style artist
Main interest landscaping
MOUNT SAINTE-VICTORE, 1902-1904, OIL ON CANVAS
GARDANNE, 1885-1886, OIL ON CANVAS
Claus Oldenburg
Swedish American sculptor of the 60's, best known for his public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of everyday objects: "Falling Shoestring Potatoes", giant plastic sculpture of pillow-soft telephones
Oldenburg produced 3-D imagery
David Smith
American sculptor of the postwar period. Took the formal ideas of Cubism and gave them an American vigor. His assembled metal sculpture balanced formal qualities with the elemental energy of Abstract Expressionist painting.
Abstract Expressionist sculptor
Francesco Goya
Spanish, Romantic painter and printmaker
Experienced some of the worst aspects of the Napoleonic era of the French Revolution
THE THIRD OF MAY, 1808, 1814, OOC
Frank Lloyd Wright
Most influencial twentieth century American architect, born in Wisconsin, radical innovator, responsible for the Guggenheim Museum, and Imperial Hotel in Tokyo
Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend int
Georges Braque
Twentieth century French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed Cubism, and Analytical and Synthetic Cubism.
THE PORTUGUESE, 1911, OOC
HOUSE AT L'ESTAQUE, 1908,OOC
Georges Seurat
French painter who developed pointilism during the post impressionist period (divisionism) (1859-1891)
His art influenced twentieth century expressionist styles
Influenced formalist styles
Work based on observations of nature
A SUNDAY ON LA GRANDE JATTE,
Grant Wood
Iowa's most famous American artist. 3 of the 5 final ideas for the State quarter came from his paintings. Those paintings were "American Gothic" "Young Corn" and "Arbor Day"
One of the most famous portrayals of America's rural life of the mid-west, and du
Gustave Courbet
French painter most famous member of realist school. Painted only things that he saw. Phrase "Realism" was coined in reaction to one of his paintings. All of his works represented everyday life.
THE STONE BREAKERS, 1849, OOC
Henri Matisse
French painter and sculptor, (1869-1954), of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is known for his brilliant colors and bolt brush strokes and had a major influence on modern art.
An extreme Fauves Abstract Expressionist, leader of "the b
Claude Monet
French painter who used a Impressionism called
"Super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting.
IMPRESSION: SUNRISE, 1872, OOC
ON THE BANK OF THE SENE, BENNECOURT, 1868, OOC
Jackson Pollack
Leading innovator of Abstract Expressionism, studied in the 1930's. He dripped, poured, and flung his paint.
He began "action painting" by painting on huge canvases spread out on the floor?
AUTHUM RHYTHM (NUMBER 30), 1950, OOC
Jacques Louis David
Led the way to revolutions in both art and politics. He believed that arts should serve as a political purpose in a time of social and governmental reform, he rejected what he saw as the frivolous immorality associated with the arisocratic Rococo style. U
Jasper Johns
Produced simple works of art based on common graphic forms such as targets, maps, flags, and numbers. He was interested in the difference between emblems that carry meaning and art. In his art, common signs play a dual role: they have the power of Abstrac
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Founder of THE BRIDGE. He developed a style that incorporated Cubism, African sculpture, and German Gothic art. German expressionist painter (1880-1938), Flat color, diaganol lines, acidic colors, isolationist, heavy black shapes. painted the street
STREE
Marilyn Levine
Creates works of clay that look like real leather (3-D objects)
Ms. Levine's Funk phase included sculptures of shoes and sneakers oozing bright glaze. When a friend brought her his beat-up work shoes, she began to see old leather objects as metaphors for
Rene Magriite
Belgium Surrealist who used an illogical form of realism, similar to Dalf's in surface appearance but quite different content. Her paintings engaged the viewer in mind teasing mystery and playful humor.
PORTRAIT, 1935, OOC
Piet Mondrian
A Dutch-born twentieth-century artist known for his geometric paintings characterized by perpendicular lines and planes of pure primary colors. Influenced by cubism, he created a style called "neoplasticism," which he used in works such as Composition wit
Paul Gauguin
Twentieth century artist, French post-impressionist painter who worked in the South Pacific (1848-1903)
Pioneered expressionist techniques. Saw form and design of a painting as important in themselves. Became famous for his paintings of the South Pacific.
Renoir
French impressionist painter; nude female paintings
THE LUNCHEON OF THE BOATING PARTY, 1881, OOC
Roy Lichtenstein
Prominent American pop artist. His work was heavily influenced by both popular advertising and the comic book style. He himself described pop art as, "not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting".
DROWNING GIRL, 1963, OIL ON SYTHETIC PLOYMER
Salvadore Dali
Spanish Surrealist who made art out of his nightmares
Painted Inventions of the monsters & The Persistence of Memory - surrealism (meant to represent the world of subconscious and dreams) both have Freudian references to repressed terror, violence, apathy
Vincent van Gogh
Twentieth-century Dutch post impressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890)
Introduced lighter and brighter paintings
Self taught, but attended an art academy in Anthwerp, Belgium. There he met French Impressionist, and Post Impressionist pa
Wasily Kandinsky
Artist who used an abstract style of painting. Lived in Munich between 1908 and 1914, who shared with his German associates a concern for developing an art that would turn people away from false values, but toward spiritual rejuvenation. He believed that
Assemblage
Sculpture using preexisting, sometimes "found" objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to the totalk content of the work.
A collection of artifacts of one or several classes of materials (stone tools, ceramics, bones) that comes f
Avant garde
French for vanguard. Artists and their work which stand in the forefront of a movement or of new ideas, often in opposition to established ideas and traditions; art that's ahead of its time, innovative, experimental, heterodox. The modern era has invariab
Happening
An event conceived by artists and performed by artists and others, usually unrehearsed and without a specific script or stage
History Painting
The painting of scenes from the past.
Paintings based on mythological or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art. They generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style.