CHAPER 7 VOCABULARY
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animal style
A Medieval art form in which animals are depicted in a stylized and often complicated pattern, usually seen fighting with one another
Archaic - In relation to Greek
Outdated; associated with an earlier, perhaps more primitive, time during the Greek period
basilica
In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with a
cuneiform
Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets
catacomb
An underground cemetery or passeway, often full of twists and turns
Classical
Of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times
Relating to ancient Greece and Rome
coffers, coffering
Creating "waffle-like" pattern which areas being stepped back
ex. dome of Pantheon
contrapposto
Human posture in which the shoulders and head are turned one way and the hips and legs another; weight off the body is put on one foot, creating a feeling of tension on one side of the body and relaxation on the other
Fibonacci Sequence
A sequence of numbers in which each number equals the sum of the two [receding numbers]
The infinite sequence of numbers(1,1,2,3,5,8,13,...);starting with the third terms, each number is the sum of the two previous numbers; it is named after the thirteent
frontal
The face or front of a building; a drapery that covers the front of an altar
golden section
Developed in ancient Greece, a mathematical formula for determining the proportional relationship of the parts of a work to the whole. 8-13 considered by Renaissance Maters to express perfect visual harmony.
Ratio which provided a visually pleasing appear
Gothic
..., Style of Medieval building that flourished from 1200-1500. By using pointed arches, ribbed vaulting and flying buttresses, this style created an airy and well-lit space and gave masons, artists, and architects the freedom to adorn buildings with work
Hellenistic
A word meaning to "imitate Greeks"; Greek-speaking civilization which spread through many lands of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond following the conquests of Alexander the Great.
hierarchic scale
A system of depiction in Egyptian art in which sizes the of human figures are determined by social rank.
icon
A representation or image of a sacred personage, often considered sacred itself; an image or picture; a symbol; a graphic symbol on a computer monitor display; an object of blind devotion
illuminated manuscript
A decorative art of the Middle Ages characterized by large ornate capitals and decorated borders
interlace
To join by weaving together; to intertwine; to blend; , Medieval art. Bands or portions of other motifs are looped, braided, and knotted in complex geometric patterns, often to fill/decorate a space. Similar to Islamic interlace patterns and Celtic knotwo
kore, kouros
A Greek statue of a clothed maiden/ a Greek statue of a male youth who may have been a god or an athlete
megalithic
Ceremonial structures or tombs that were constructed using large stones transported over long distances.
Minoan
Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.
Name given to the great civilization of
Mycenean
People who settled on the Greek mainland around 2,000 B.C.
An Indo-European person who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
oculus
Regular Latin word for "eye." Technically used to describe the empty round hole at the top of the dome of the Pantheon
reliquery
A container for relics. These may be the physical remains of saints, such as bones, pieces of clothing, or some object associated with saints or other religious figures.
pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
portico
A structure consisting of a roof supported by columns or piers, usually attached to a building as a porch.
stele
A monument, vertical in style, small or large, that contained carved writings or pictures to commemorate or record something
ziggurat
A rectangular tiered temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top
CHAPTER 8 VOCABULARY
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Baroque
Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.
chiaroscuro
The use of shading to enhance naturalness in Renaissance painting
In drawing or painting, the treatment and use of light and dark, especially the gradations of light that produce the effect of modeling
Counter-Reformation
A time when the Catholic Church banned books and used its courts to punish people who protested Catholic ways
The reform movement within the roman catholic church whose goals were to abolish abuses and reaffirm traditional beliefs
humanism
A renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
linear perspective
An artistic principle developed in the Renaissance that allowed a painter to create a greater illusion that before. The principle is based on all horizontal lines going towards one or two points on the horizon or at eye level, while vertical lines remain
Mannerism
Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.
Medici
The family members were wealthy politicians, businessmen, and patrons of the arts who influenced both individuals and the bigger picture, in Florence and all of Europe. Cosimo de Medici ruled Florence for five years after strategically getting himself ele
naturalism
A nineteenth-century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was.
Northern Renaissance
More concerned with theology and personal morality, Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than It
patron
A person who supports artists, especially financially
Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600 (445)
Rococo
Fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century
Personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular in the mid-1700's
Secular
Worldly; not connected with a church or religion
sfumato
Blurring or softening sharp lines to create smokiness and atmosphere in painting (leonardo used it)
tennebrism
Artistic technique used in painting that makes use of large areas of dark contrasting sharply with smaller brightly illuminated areas
tryptych
Three panel painting, read left to right, related with religious imagery
CHAPTER 9 VOCABULARY
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bodhisattva
Enlightenment being"; in Mahayana, a person of deep compassion, especially one who does not enter nirvana, but is constantly reborn to help others; a heavenly being of compassion.
Benin
A kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s
Buddha
An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of this word) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism.
hand scroll
A long, narrow, horizontal composition, compact enough to be held in the hand when rolled up (rolled up for storage)
literati painting
A style of painting that reflects the taste of the educated class of East Asian intellectuals and scholars. Aspects include an appreciation for the antique, small scale, and an intimate connection between maker and audience.
madrasa
An islamic institution of higher learning, where teaching is focused on theology and law
mihrab
(Islam) a design in the shape of niche in a Muslim prayer rug
The decorated niche inside a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca
minaret
The tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day
Muslim tower with balconies used for the announcement of prayers
mound builder
A member of any of the various Native American peoples flourishing from around 5th century B.C. to the 16th century A.D. especially in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, practicing settled agriculture and known for their often large mounds
mosque
Muslim (Islamic) house of worship
mudra
A pose or gesture in artistic representations of Buddha figures. Different mudras have conventionalized symbolic meanings
Ritual hand movement in Hindu religious dancing
pagoda
Originally burial sites; evolved as the principal worship area of Buddhist temples
prana
The Hindu term for the breath of life or energy that flows through the body, nourishing organs and promoting optimal functioning.
stupa
Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or mound
ukiyo-e
Japanese woodblock printing; translation: "pictures of the floating world"
Pictures of the floating world.' The distinctive woodblock print genre that depicted the denizens of the pleasure quarter� courte�sans, dandies, actors, famous beauties, famous sit
Yoruba
City-states that developed in northern Nigeria; Ile-Ife had an artistic style similar to that of the Nok culture. ag society supported by peasantry; dominated by an aristocracy
A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and sou
Constantine
Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity
Cuneiform
Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets
An ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia
Giza
An ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo
Golden section
The proportional relation between two divisions of line or two dimension of a plane figure such that short : long :: long : (short + long)
History painting
Paintings based on mythological or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art. They generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style.
Mosaic
Patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces (tesserae) of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors;
The technique of making such works; of or relating to Moses or the laws and writings attributed to him
Minaret
A narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer;
Slender tower with balconies
Tessarae
Stones or pieces of glass used to create design and composition in mosaics;
A "token" from the Capitol -a year's worth of grain and oil for one person.
Ur
A city of ancient Sumer in southern Mesopotamia on a site in present-day southeast Iraq. One of the oldest cities in Mesopotamia, it was an important center of Sumerian culture after c. 3000 B.C. and the birthplace of Abraham.
Be Familiar with these artists, cultures, styles or art movements
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Baroque
Elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century
Caravaggio
Italian Baroque painter who showed his disdain for the Classical masters by using low-life models in dingy places
Chiaroscuro used to highlight drama of religious scenes. Paintings tell a story, including back story and future events.
The Conversion of St
Egyptian
Of or relating to or characteristic of Egypt or its people or their language
Giotto
An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body
Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and
Gothic
A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries
Greek - Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic
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Leonardo Da Vinci
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best k
Limbourg Brothers
Famous Dutch Renaissance miniature painters. International Gothic. Late medieval illuminated manuscript, The Book of Hours of Duc de Berry.
EARLY RENAISSANCE, Manuscript Art 15th Century France, produced illustrated Book of Hours
Mesopotamian - Sumerian
3200-2600 BCE
Michelangelo
An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Piet�, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sis
Neo-Classicism
A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.
Northern Renaissance
The movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature
Chauvet
..., Cave art in South of France is the newest cave paintings to be discovered
-Discovered in 1994
- paintings were painted over each other
- cave occupied for nearly 10,000 years
- oldest paintings were around 30,000 BC
Raphael
Italian Renaissance painter (1483-1520); he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Rembrandt
Dutch painter (1606-1669), who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus
Romanesque
A style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD
Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows
Renaissance
The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
A rebirth or renewal
Rococo
Very highly ornamented; relating to an 18th century artistic style of elaborate ornamentation
Vanitas
In the arts, vanitas is a type of symbolic still life painting commonly executed by Northern European painters in Flanders and the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The term vanitas itself refers to the arts, learning and time. The w
Velasquez
Spanish painter (1599-1660), to the court of King Philip IV of Spain, did many portraits of royalty. He commemorated a Spanish victory against the Dutch in his "Surrender of Breda.
Vermeer
Dutch painter (1632-1675), son of a silk worker. Neither baroque nor classical; his paintings showed ordinary lives; made interesting with use of light. Painted Officer with a Laughing Girl.
Know these works of art
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Cave Painting from Chauvet, France c.30,000
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Jan Van Eyck_Arnolfini Wedding (double portrait) oil. 1434
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Harp (Lyre) from Ur
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Nanna Ziggurat
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Kouros figure, marble
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Laocoon Group, marble
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Michelangelo Creation from the Sistine Chapel ceiling, fresco
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Menkure and Wife,
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Parthenon, Athens
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Pantheon, Rome
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Giotto, Lamentation, fresco
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Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper,
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Venus of Willendorf (statuette of woman) 25,000 B.C
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Flying Horse Han Dynasty, 2nd cent. China, bronze
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Portrait of a Queen Mother Benin, Nigeria 16th cent.- Hip mask
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Vermeer, Lady with a Red Hat, oil
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Bodhisattva, Ajanta Caves, India
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Bernini, The Ecstacy of St Teresa
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Wall Painting from the tomb of Nebanum, paint on dry plaster, 1450B.C
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Machu Pichu
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Limbourg Brothers February from Les Tres Riches Heures, tempera on vellum
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Velasquez Las Meninas (the maids of honor)
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Caravaggio The Conversion of Paul, oil
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Fragonard, The Swing, oil
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Rembrandt, The Prodigal Son, oil
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Greek - Archaic
Extremely old; ancient; outdated
Archaic: (600- 480 bce) The first life-size stone statues appeared in Greece. The earliest kouroi emulated the frontal poses of Egyptian statues, but artists depicted the young men nude, the way Greek athletes competed at
Greek - Classical
High Classical: (450-400 bce) Polykleitos developed a canon of proportions for the perfect statue. Iktinos and Kallikrates similarly applied mathematical formulas to temple design in the belief that beauty resulted from the use of harmonic numbers. Under
Greek - Hellenistic
(850 b.c.-31 b.c.)
Characteristics:Greek idealism: balance, perfect proportions; architectural orders(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)
Main Works/Artists:
Parthenon, Myron, Phidias, Polykleitos, Praxiteles
Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (490 b.c.); Peloponnes
Greek Cycladic
Cycladic Art 3200 - 1050 BC
Encompasses the visual art of the ancient Cycladic civilization, which flourished in the islands of the Aegean Sea from 3300 - 2000 BCE. Along with the Minoans and Mycenaeans, the Cycladic people are counted among the three maj
Greek Minoan
Minoan Art 3000 - 1100 BC
The collection of Minoan art is in the museum at Heraklion, near Knossos on the north shore of Crete. Minoan art, with other remains of material culture, especially the sequence of ceramic styles, has allowed archaeologists to de
Greek Mycenaean
Mycenaean Art 1600 - 1100 BC
Mycenaeans made a great deal of pottery. Archaeologists have found a great quantity of pottery from the Mycenaean age, of widely diverse styles�stirrup jars, pitchers, kraters, chalices sometimes called "champagne coupes" afte
Lascaux
Cave in southwestern France that contains Paleolithic paintings
Discovered in 1940, this cave contains more than 600 painted animals and symbols. The works were probably created between 15,000 and 13,000 B.C.
Alta Mira
A cave with upper Paleolithic paintings in Spain, it has prominent depictions of wild animals and human hands. It was the first such site to be discovered (1880) and sparked debate about the ability of early humans capacity.
Stonehenge
Ancient circles of large, upright stones that stand alone on a plain in England. There is some controversy about who shaped, carried, and set up these huge stones, which perhaps had religious and astronomical uses. Scholars theorize that it was built in t
Romanesque
Denoting, relating to, or having the style of architecture used in W and S Europe from the 9th to the 12th century, characterized by the rounded arch, the groin vault, massive-masonry wall construction, and a restrained use of mouldings , 11th and 12th ce