line
path traced by a moving point
contour
lines used to indicate perceived 3d forms
outline
lines we draw to record boundaries
implied lines
a line that our mind connects; not continuous
directional lines
lines that lead the eye around a composition
shape
2d form that occupies an area with identifiable boundaries
mass
3d form that occupies a volume of space
geometric shape
approximate; the regualr shapes and volumes of geometry
organic shape
irregular shapes; evoke the living forms of nature
figure
the shape we detach and focus on
ground
surrounding visual information the figure stands out from, or the background
positive shape
shape we perceive as figures
negative shape
shapes of the ground
implied shape
a shape our mind perceives
light
type of radiant energy; high contrast and emotion
values
shades of light and dark; high to low respectively
chiaroscuro
technique developed by Italian painters; modeling mass in 2d thru value; light to dark
hatching
areas of closely spaced parallel lines
cross hatching
2 sets of parallel lines laid across each other
stippling
areas of dots average out through optical mixing into values
color theory
explains why the effect of color without light occurs
refracted
bent or broke up; sir Isaac Newton passed a ray of sunlight through a prism; the ray broke up and refracted into the colors in the order of a rainbow
color wheel
arrangement of colors that were separated by Newton's prism and arranged in a circle; transitional color; red-violet
primary colors
Red yellow blue; cannot be made by any mixture of other colors
secondary colors
orange, green and violet; made by combining 2 primary colors
intermediate/tertiary colors
product of a primary color and a secondary color
warm colors
colors on the red-orange side of the wheel; sunlight and firelight
cool colors
colors on the blue-green side of the color wheel; water and shade
palette
refers to the wooden board on which artists traditionally set out their pigments; the range of pigments the select
color properties
hue, value, and intensity; all colors have properties
hue
name of the color according to categories of the color wheel
value
refers to relative lightness or darkness
tint
a color lighter than the hue's normal value
shade
a color darker than the hue's normal value
intensity or saturation
refers to the relative purity of a color; pure colors have high intensity
pigment colors
subtractive process; the closer the 2 pigments are to being complementary colors on the color wheel, the duller their mixture will appear
color harmonies
color scheme; the selective use of 2 or more colors in a single composition
monochromatic
composed of variations of the same hue, with differences of value and intensity
complementary
involve colors directly opposite each other on the color wheel
analogous
combines colors adjacent to one another on the color wheel
triadic
composed of any 3 colors equidistant from each other on the color wheel; harmonies
restricted palette
artist limit themselves to a few pigments and their mixture, tints, and shades
open palette
artists do not limit themselves to pigments
optical effects of color
colors can play tricks on our eyes or on the way we perceive color
simultaneous contrast
where complementary colors appear more intense when placed side by side
after image
the effect that occurs when we stare at a saturated color for a prolonged period, which tires the receptors in our eyes, so our eyes compensate when allowed to rest by producing the complementary color
optical color mixture
when small patches of different colors are close together, and the eye blends them to produce a new color
pointillism
process of placing many thousands of tiny dots or points of pur color next to each other
emotional effects of color
how the color can affect a viewer emotionally- warm=happy; dark=sad
texture
surface quality expressed through touch
actual texture
tactile; real texture of an object
visual texture
less literal than actual texture; in a painting or drawing when markings our eyes associate with texture are they, whether they really depict texture or not
pattern
any decorative, repetitive motif or design
3d space
the actual space in which our bodies also stand
space
dynamic visual element that interacts with the lines and shapes and colors and textures of a work of art to give them definition
implied space
depth in 2 dimensions
picture plane
literal surface of artwork
linear perspective
forms seem to diminish in size
vanishing point
point where 2 parallel lines meet to make it seem like they disappear
horizon line
line where the land or sea ends and the sky begins
1 and 2 point perspective
viewing one or 2 sides of an object respectively
foreshortening
effect in which logic ofl inear perspective must apply to every fomr that recedes into the distance
atmospheric perspective
aerial perspective; things take on a bluish tint as their distance from us increases; illusion of depth
isometric perspective
lines recede in parallel diagonal lines to show that they are in the background
time and motion
important in art; time is the element in which we live and motion is the sign of life
kinetic sculpture
art that moves
implied motion
an object looks like it is moving based on its surroundings in the picture
raphael
madonna of the meadows
leonardo da vinci
the virgin and saint ann with the Christ child and John the baptist
james turrell
live oak friends meeting house
george seurat
a sunday on la grande jatte
chuck close
bill
edvard munch
the scream
francesco di giorgio martini
architectural perspective
albert bierstadt
the rocky mountains, landers peak
huang gongwang
dwelling in the fuchun mountains
alexander calder
southern cross