What is the Dolmen and what is it snowed as in terms of architecture?
-structure of to house the dead
-oldest surviving structure
What is architecture?
the art and science of designing and constructing buildings not only for practical purposes, but also aesthetics
What is the goal of architecture?
to enhance our daily lives
What 3 issues does architecture integrate?
1. Function- how building is used
2. Form- how it looks
3. Structure- how it stands up
What 3 forces of physics must architecture accommodate?
1. Compression (pushing)
2. Tension (stretching)
3. Bending (curving)
When creating a structure, what 3 components must is incorporate?
1. A supporting skeleton
2. An outer skin
3. Operating equipment
Which component of a structure was not included in early centuries and why?
-operating equipment
-early centuries did not have plumbing and electrical wiring
In early buildings, what caused regional style development?
available materials
What are the 3 traditional materials used to create a structure?
1. wood
2. stone
3. brick
What was light wood primarily used for?
roof beams
What was heavy stone primarily used for and what was it not used for?
-used for load-bearing components
-not used for beams
What is most of the world's architecture composed of and why?
-stone
-because of its permanence, availability and beauty
What is dry masonry?
piling stones atop on another
What does the term "masonry" mean?
done in a specific pattern
What are the stones called if they are cut or shaped?
dressed stones
Why did the Great Zimbabwe in East Africa not have windows?
windows would weaken the masonry
T/F: The great pyramids were a form of masonry.
true
What is post-and-beam?
vertical posts bear the weight of horizontal beams and carry it to the ground
What determines the form of post-and-beam?
strength to weight ratios
The stonehenge were an example of what kind of architectural method?
post-and-beam
What is a row of columns called and how are they arranged?
-a colonnade
-symmetrical arrangement
Where is an early use of a colonnade shown?
Court of Amenhotep III
Who refined the use of colonnades?
the Greeks
What is a round arch supported by?
a column or pier
What is a vault?
an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof
What is a barrel vault?
a round arch when extended into a tunnel-like structure
What is used as the ceiling of a early vaults? Recent vaults?
-early: bricks or blocks
-recent: reinforced concrete
Who were the first to use vaults above ground?
the Romans
What is a groin arch?
intersection of two barrel vaults
What is a keystone?
the final stone set in place at the top of an arch or vault
What is an arcade?
a series of arches
What was the Aqueduct bridge of Pont du Gard and example of and how was it constructed?
-a vault
-top level carried water while bottom level allowed for traffic to pass through
What were the pros of using liquid concrete?
-cheap
-versatile
-stonelike
-strong
What is a dome?
hemispherical vault built up from a circular or polygonal base
How does the weight push along the circumference of a dome?
downward and outward
What are pendentives?
a triangular constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room
What is the Hagia Sophia Cathedral and example of and how does it appear to the eye?
a dome that appears to float due to the windows around the base
How did gothic builder enhance the arch?
they made it pointed and steeper to send weight directly downward
What is graphic design?
the process of working with words and pictures to enhance visual communication through art and technology
What is the most frequent art form encountered in daily life?
graphic design
What is typography?
the art and technique of composing printed material from letterforms
What are letterforms?
typefaces or fonts
What were the downfalls of typewriter?
they all had the same font
Who invented to first printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
What was Roman letter typography based on?
capitol letters carved in stone by early Romans
What did Roman typeface strokes end with?
a serif
What is a serif?
short lines with pointed ends at an angle to the main strokes
What was the more modern version of serif font called?
Sans serif
What do redesigns of typography today incorporate?
-readability
-contemporary preference
What innovation did Donald Meeker contribute?
expanded hollow spaces for better readability ob highway signs
What are logos?
an identifying mark or trademark based on letterforms combined with pictorial elements that present a distinct and memorable appearance
What was the first logo to be trademarked?
the Bass reed triangle
What is a poster?
a concise visual announcement providing information through the integrated design of typography and pictorial imagery
What did early poster mainly consist of?
lithographs
What were examples of modern posters?
-Bauhaus posters
-movie posters
-psychedelic posters
What are the 3 types if motion graphics?
1. hand animation
2. computer animation
3. collage
What are installations?
-transformation of space by bringing in items of symbolic significance
-constructed sculpture of a space
What did Amalia Pica's "Eavesdropping" depict and function as?
-mysterious colored drinking glasses
-allowed viewers to listen to sounds on the other side of the wall
What is site specific art?
works intended only for particular locations
What are earthworks?
art that is created outdoors
What is the best known earthwork and what did it turn into?
-Richard Serra's "Titled Arc"
-steel blade that eventually blocked view, collected graffiti and became a homeless shelter
What did Martin Puryear's "C.F.A.O." depict?
-unpainted stack of wood on one side
-large, curving shape based on an elongated African mask on the other side
What is a sculpture?
a work in three dimensions
What are the 3 dimensions in sculptures?
-height
-breadth
-depth
What are the 2 main types of sculptures?
-freestanding
-relief
What are freestanding cultures and what are they also known as?
-known as "in-the-round"
-sculpture meant to be seen from all sides
What is a relief sculpture?
sculpture that projects from a background surface
What is low relief and what is another name for it?
-also called bas relief
-has less depth to the faces and figures than they actually have, when measured proportionately
What does the "Army of the March" show?
delicate, low relief carving
What is high relief?
more then half of the natural circumference projects from the surface
Corporate Wars: Wall of Influence" is an example of _______.
high relief
What is modeling?
an additive process of building up material such as clay, wax, or plaster
What does "Ballplayer with Three-Part Yoke" depict
-a naturalistic clay sculpture
-fingerprint impression visable
What is armature?
a rigid inner support under soft materials
What does Viola Frey's "Stubborn Woman, Orange Hands" depict?
-pieced together large hollow works
-visible seams from armature
What does Ken Price's "Vink" depict?
-non representational art
-clay layered in acrylic paint
-mysterious, iridescent quality
What is casting
process involving the substitution of one material for another
Where was casting developed?
ancient China, Greece and Africa
When was casting extensively used?
Renaissance times
What are casting steps?
1. mold taken from original work
2. original sculpture is removed from mold
3. casting liquid poured into mold cavity
4. mold removed when liquid is hardened
What is the low-wax process of casting?
mold only used once and destroyed to remove the hardened cast (solid or hollow)
What was William Morris's "Windrush"?
-repeatable woodblock print
-can serve as a textile to wallpaper pattern
What other items rather than art can be casts?
1. engine parts
2. dishes
3. children's toys
What was Charles Ray's "Father Figure" based on?
green toy tractor
What does Kaz Oshiro's "Tailgate" use and depict?
-uses low wax process
-duplicates Toyota pickup truck tailgate
-wooden armature viewed from behind
What does Rachel Whiteread's "Untitles Hive 1" depict and use?
-uses low wax process
-shows beekeeper hive filled with brown orange resin
What is carving?
the subtractive process of taking away unwanted materials
What did Michelangelo's "Awakening Slave" show?
-unfinished piece revealing process
-most challenging method
-no error correction possible
What was the preferred carving material in the west and why ?
-marble
-can be polished for smooth surface
What is the plus of carving with granite?
it is less vulnerable to modern pollution
What carving material was favored my Egypt?
schist
What carving material was favored by China and why?
-jade
-suitable for small and elaborate pieces favored by Chinese art
What are bosses?
a raised ornamentation
When did assembled sculptured become popular?
early 20th century
What did Julio Gonzalez do?
-pioneered the use of a welding torch in metal sculpture
-assisted Picasso
What did the the sculpture "Maternity" depict
an airy, playful, feminine shape
What did Deborah Butterfield do?
-created figures of horses from found scrapped automobile materials
What is assemblage?
transformation of two common objects to create a third, inspiring metaphorical though on original objects
Picasso's "Bull's Head" is an example of _________.
assemblage
What did Marc Anderson's "Throne of the Greatest Rappers of All Time" show?
-lower center of found chairs from thrift stores or old used furniture
-higher back and wings that dignify the intended sitter
What is mixed media?
variety of media in a single work
What does mixed media often represent?
cultural or symbolic meaning
What does Cai Guo-Qiang's "Inopportune: Stage One" depict?
-nine automobile perforated with light tubes
-represents action movies and also bombings by terrorists
What did Lara Schnitger use mixed media to do?
-fabric over wooden amateurs creating sculpture and hollow interiors
-created elements of fashion design and a feminist message
What did "Grim Boy" depict?
-6 foot tall, gangly teen
-tense, lurking and birdlike stare
What does Matthew Monahan's work resemble
museum exhibits gone wrong
What does the "Seller and the Sold" depict?
-figures made out of floral foam
-expression resembling mummified king
-title reminds viewer of the business world
What is craft known as in the western world?
useful objects that artfully challenge the notion of function
What is clay?
soil with a heavily volcanic makeup mixed with water
What is ceramics?
the art and science of making objects out of clay
What do ceramicist do?
make any work with clay
What do potters do?
specialize in making dishes
What is a kiln?
a high temperature oven used to fire clay objects
Acceptance of clay as a media owes to ________.
Peter Voulkos
How does Peter Voulkos approach clay as a medium?
-fresh approach to plates
-shaped as though paintings
-useless in the traditional sense
What does Toshiko Takaezu's "Makaha Blue II" show?
-subtle restrained strength evoking traditional Japanese ceramics
-vessel turned into a painted sculpture
Glass is chemically related to _______.
ceramic glaze
What are two types of glass craft?
-stained glass
-blown glass
What properties does glass have when hot?
-sensitive
-amorphous
Glass solidifies when it cools without _________.
crystallizing
Glass has a fluid nature that produces ________ and ________.
line; volume
What does Daly Chihuly's "Seaform" series show?
-fluid and translucent quality
-arrange of glass pieces suggesting delicate undersea movement
What did Mona Hatoum research and what she do?
-explosive devices
-recreated them in colorful pieces
What did early metalsmith create?
-tools
-weapons
-vessels
What did Muslim tradition in metal craft show?
unparalleled sophistication
Why and how was the d'Arenberg Basin created?
-made for last ruler of the Ayyubid Dynasty
-body first cast in brass then inlaid with precisely cut pieces of silver with highly delicate and even panels
Living spirit of wood offers ________.
vitality
What 3 qualities does wood have?
-abundant
-versatile
-warm
Wood created a movement towards ________ in craft.
sustainability
What did Henry Gilpin's "Curiosity Red" use and show?
-used elm tree near studio that had a twisted grain
-mounted twisted grain on table with red stain dripping to resemble blood
-meditated life and death
What did Liv Blavarp do in his work and what was the base for it?
-carved segments into deeply grooved shapes that resemble living things
-work based on folk traditions of Norway
What did the "Untitled Necklace" show?
asymmetrical design with clasp resembling animal's tail
What was Polly Afelbaum's "Flattered Funkytown" an example of and what did it show?
-example of quilting
-showed a "falling painting" composed of hand-dyed pieces that allowed views to interact with it
What did Nick Cave's "Soundsuit" series depict and inspire?
-a wearable costume that includes offbeat materials based on hand-me-down clothing
-inspired Mardi Gras costumes
What was the design of Nick Cave's "2009 Soundsuit"?
cloud of ceramic birds surrounding crocheted yarn pieces