Who established and promoted public safety and enforced criminal codes?
Sir Robert Peel
What is jurisdiction?
Geographic limitations of responsibility for a municipal police department
Sheriffss Department responsibilities are
Serving as officers of the court, contracting to provide traffic and criminal investigations for small towns, and operating the county jail
Jurisdiction of local police agencies is limited to the geographical boundaries of
the city the department is located in
Each branch of military has
their own criminal justice system
Who is usually in command in a large city agency?
A chief
When did community policing programs develop?
The 1980's by Herman Goldstein
Is problem-solving policing proactive or reactive?
Proactive
The rate of victimization on Native American Reservations is ___X the national average.
2 X (twice the national average)
What are some things that patrol officers do?
display law enforcement visibility, display continuous service, uphold federal and state laws, and exercise good judgment and common sense, communicate with the public.
What are most officers in a police department assigned to?
patrol
What are some things that can be considered as a General Patrol?
Routine Patrol, Random Patrol, Preventive Patrol
Crime Mapping is
The method of making correlations between crime and societal issues
What do direct patrol units use in order to plan shifts?
Crime Statistics
What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Schmerber v. California?
taking a blood sample from an arrested person was not a violation of the privilege against self-incrimination.
Traffic law enforcement's primary goal is to what?
have citizens voluntarily be compliant with traffic laws to ensure safety.
What is the most influential factor that decides whether or not a juvenile is taken into custody?
the seriousness of the committed offense.
What are the elements of documenting a crime scene.
photography, measurements, and visual sketch, and collecting physical evidence
What role do intelligence officers have in police departments?
run undercover assignments, deal with internal affairs of the department, and often work on confidential issues to insure integrity of department
What is considered the most positive form of identification?
a person's fingerprints and DNA
When investigators find fingerprints created from natural oils left at a crime scene, they are called?
latent prints.
This is a critical element/variable used in field identification.
time
Field identification, lineups, and photographic identifications are all what?
Basic types of identifications.
Some criminals relinquish their information and cooperate with law enforcement? Why?
receive a lower sentence for some pending criminal matter.
Typically, a youth's first contact with the criminal justice system starts with?
The police.
What is the primary mission of tactical teams (SWAT)?
contain and neutralize
What elements are involved in community policing
proactive
partnerships
philosophical
citizens
Seeing a broken window in a neighborhood communicates that (Broken Window Theory)
no one cares and disorder and crime thrives.
In order to conduct a constitutional search and seizure. it must be based on?
probable cause.
What does being reasonable mean to a police officer?
thinking in a logical, justifiable, and sensible manner.
When can police make warrantless arrests?
police can make warrant less arrests as long as there is probable cause, or the crime happens in front of them
What is the public safety exception?
allows police to question suspects without first giving the Miranda warning in certain situations
When can police search with consent?
When the person gives consent freely and voluntary
The Federal case that set precedent for a warrantless search of an automobile
Carroll v. United States.
Suspects can waive their rights against self-incrimination and talk to police officers if
it is voluntary, preceded by the Miranda Rights, and the individual understand what they are waiving
To curtail the use of drugs, in 1914 the federal government passed what Act?
Harrison Narcotics Act
Drugs that relieve pain and produce sleep are known as
narcotics
The most socially accepted of illegal drugs is
marijuana.
Hallucinogens do what to the body
produce distortion.
intensify sensory perceptions
lessen the ability to discriminate between fact and fantasy.
Most gangs are
both racially and ethnically homogeneous
Turf is a gang's
geographic territory
The most frequently cited reason for people to join gangs is
for a sense of belonging
Gang symbols may include
clothing.
emblems.
colors.
Elements of terrorism include
acts that are criminal in nature
targets that are symbolic
actions that are aggressive and usually violent
actions intended to cause political, religious or social change
The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City is an example of
domestic terrorism
Terrorism that is foreign-based or directed by countries or groups outside the United States against the United States.
international terrorism
America's first line of defense against terrorist attacks is
police
firefighters
emergency personnel
medical personnel
The USA PATRIOT Act gave police unprecedented ability to
search, seize, detain, or eavesdrop in their pursuit of terrorists
The explosion of or attack on information systems
cyberterrorism
Police officer's perspective on pursuits
Pursuits are dangerous.
Pursuits must be controlled.
Involvement in a pursuit increases the participant's adrenaline and excitement.
The enforcement of laws in the criminal justice system are enforced by
police, courts, and correctional institutes
The prosecutor has the authority to decide
what charges will be filed at the time of arraignment
What are some of the roles of police
Investigate specific crimes, search people, vicinities and buildings, arrest or detain people and protect and serve
Weeks vs. United States created which rule?
Federal exclusionary rule
The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects U.S citizens from
cruel and unusual punishments as well as excessive bail
The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects U.S. citizens from
unreasonable search and seizures
Biology, psychology, and sociology all influence
criminal behavior
Rape, murder, and burglary are all considered a
Part 1 offense (serious crimes)
UCR - Uniform Crime Report data is compiled by
The FBI
Victimology is
the study of victims and their patterns of victimization
Crime Victims' Rights Act
To be reasonably protected, notified, present, and heard at various stages in the criminal justice system, to confer with the prosecutor, and receive restitution is guaranteed by this Act.
What federal agency is responsible for collecting crime data?
FBI
What is a useful database for examining crime trends?
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
What group of individuals are the least victimized age group but have the most fear of victimization?
Elderly
State statutes are not enforced in
federal courts
Ex post facto laws protect an individual from
being punished for an action committed before such a law existed
What is entrapment?
an officer encouraging a crime
What is insanity?
suffering from a disease or mental defect
Sexual assault, assault and battery, and robbery are all
crimes against persons
A person who is unwillingly given a mind altering drug and then commits a crime might claim
a defense of involuntary actions
What is termed solicitation?
Requesting a friend to murder another person for you
When police deploy a K-9 and command it to apply force to a subject, these actions fall under what Amendment's requirement of reasonableness.
Fourth
What are some common less-lethal force alternatives
specialty impact munitions such as bean-bag rounds
pepper spray
the Taser
Showing difference in treating individuals or groups or failing to treat equals equally is called
discrimination
racial profiling
Discrimination based on a person's race
Justification for use of deadly force must consider
the legal right, and the need to apprehend the suspect compared to the arresting officer's safety and the value of human life.
What step is usually completed first in the hiring process
formal application
requirements most police agencies require to become a police officer
be a U.S. citizen
have a valid driver's license.
not have been convicted of a felony.
How can polygraph examinations be used in background investigations?
polygraph examinations are used to corroborate information given on the application, a follow-up to the background investigation, and determine if a candidate has ever engaged in criminal activity and was ever apprehended.
Physical fitness tests can evaluate a candidate's ability to
jump
climb
chase
The background investigation usually includes
fingerprinting, military record, past school performances, and interviews with personal references, past employers, neighbors, and teachers.
What happens at a preliminary hearing
the determination as to whether probable cause exists for believing that an offense has been committed and the accused committed it. Judge will decide if there should be a trial.
appellate jurisdiction refers to
The authority to hear an appeal to set aside a conviction
Our criminal justice system is based on
an adversary system - the parties to a case develop and present their arguments, gather and submit evidence, call and question witnesses, and, generally control the information presented according to the law and legal process. The parties are usually represented by attorneys who actively present the concerned party's case. The contest is before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge. They try to determine the truth of a case.
What is the goal of drug courts?
The goals of drug courts are to reduce recidivism, reduce substance abuse and rehabilitate offenders.
In 1899, the Juvenile Court Act created the first
juvenile court.
parens patriae
The concept means the state was responsible for the general protection of all people within its jurisdiction who could not protect themselves, including children.
petition
document alleging a juvenile is a delinquent, status offender or dependent and asking the court to assume jurisdiction over the child
major benefits of plea bargaining is that
it saves the court time
avoids the stigma of a conviction
avoids a trial
can result in a reduced sentence
The most important rule for testifying in court is
always tell the truth
Penology
the study of the reformation and rehabilitation of criminals and of the management of prisons
What is rehabilitation
A response to crime that is proactive in that it focuses on the future needs of offenders as well as the needs of the community
What is probation
A court-ordered disposition alternative through which an adjudicated offender is placed under control, supervision, and care in lieu of imprisonment
The primary goal of correctional institutions is
protect society
The primary focus of juvenile corrections has traditionally been, and continues to be
rehabilitation.
Probation is most often used with
first-time offenders
property offenders
non-violent offenders
low-risk offenders
definition of burglary
Breaking and entering a building followed by a theft of property
Terry v. Ohio supported officers' right to
conduct a pat-down or a frisk if they believe the person might be armed and dangerous
reasonable force
Force necessary to overcome resistance offered during an arrest
Describe steps for an officer to safely check out a potential burglary alarm
Wait until back-up officers cover the sides and back of the house prior to entry, and then approach quietly
Corpus delicti
elements of a crime, body of the crime
Due process
a legal hearing of some type. the regular administration of the law, according to which no citizen may be denied his or her legal rights and all laws must conform to fundamental, accepted legal principles
Acquit
find not guilty
Mens rea
a guilty mind or wrongful purpose
Arraignment
court appearance, defendant advised of charges and rights
Culpable
deserving the blame, guilt or censure
Subpoena
court order commanding witness to appear in court
Admonish
advise of rights, usually in reference to "Miranda Warning
Defendant
one against whom a civil or criminal action is
brought
Injunction
court order prohibiting or requiring some act, such as a gang injuction
Penologist
an authority on prisons or rehabili�tation
Warrant
a court order commanding an arrest or a search
Adjudicate
reach a judicial decision on something
Perjury
giving false testimony or evidence under oath
Malice Aforethought
a predetermination to commit an unlawful act, plan and commit a crime
Actus Reas
an element of criminal responsibility, the wrongful act or omission that comprises the physical components of a crime