________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
A) Sensation
B) Impression
C) Apprehension
D) Attribution
E) Perception
E) Perception is defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, and not on reality itself. What a
Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?
A) Perception of reality is independent of one's personality.
B) Our perception of a target is not affected by the context of the situation in which the perception is made.
C) Our perception
C) Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. Our perception of reality is affected by our personality, past experiences, and the context of the situation in which the perception is made. We do not look at targets in isolation.
When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.
A) perceivers
B) target
C) timing
D) context
E) situation
A) Since the time and situation are the same, the factors that operate to shape perception must be in the perceivers themselves. Personal characteristics that can affect perception include perceiver attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experie
David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV dri
B) Myers expects all SUV drivers to be dangerous. His expectations are what color his perception. The example doesn't explain why he expects this, although it could be from a previous bad experience.
Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this?
A) Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences.
B) Our perception of reality
C) Characteristics of the target we observe can affect what we perceive. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. So, too, are extremely attractive or unattractive individuals. Because we don't look at targets in isolation, th
During team meetings Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask innumerable questions and suggest ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were par
D) A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.
Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following
D) A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.
Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception?
A) attitude
B) motive
C) interest
D) novelty
E) experience
D) Factors present in a target which may affect perception are novelty, motion, sound, size, background, proximity, and similarity.
Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception?
A) similarity
B) size
C) expectation
D) time
E) experience
D) Factors present in a situation which may affect perception are work setting, social setting, and time.
Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception?
A) interest
B) similarity
C) sound
D) proximity
E) background
A) Factors present in a perceiver which may affect perception are attitudes, motives, interests, experience, and expectations.
Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers?
A) Perception of reality depends on
C) Characteristics of the target we observe can affect perception. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. Even extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more likely to be noticed. Since people do not look at targe
________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.
A) Attribution theory
B) Equity theory
C) Object relations theory
D) Attachment theory
E) Cultural schema theory
A) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination however, depends largely on three factors, namely, distinctiveness, consensus, and consiste
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three
B) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination however, depends largely on three factors, namely, distinctiveness, consensus, and consiste
Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior?
A) An employee was late for a team meeting because of a heavy downpour.
B) An employee was laid off because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying off employees.
C) An employee
C) Internally caused behaviors are those we believe to be under the personal control of the individual.
Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?
A) An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept.
B) An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire.
C) An employee was fired because he violated a company policy.
D) An e
B) Externally caused behavior is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do. For instance, if an employee is late for work, and you attribute his arriving late to an automobile accident or a flat tire, then you are making an external attrib
According to the attribution theory, ________ is one the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior.
A) distinctiveness
B) perverseness
C) flexibleness
D) resilience
E) timorousness
A) Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination, however, depends largely on three factors, namely, distinctiveness, consensus, and consist
When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon?
A) Pygmalion effect
B) emotional dissonance
C) attribution theory
D) t
C) Attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused. We judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe
With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations?
A) flexibility
B) integrity
C) consensus
D) consistency
E) distinctiveness
E) Distinctiveness is one of three determining factors that contribute to attribution theory perceptions. Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations.
If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________.
A) distinctiveness
B) consensus
C) consistency
D) discontinuity
E) traceability
C) Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds in the same way to the same situation over a long period of time. For instance, an employee who has not been late for several months is perceived differently from an employee who is late
According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.
A) low on distinctiveness
B) low on adaptability
C) low on consistency
D) high on stability
E) low on consensus
C) Consistency indicates that the person responds the same way over time. The less consistent the behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes.
Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagre
D) Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. Yoder has had hostile relationships with colleagues over a long period of time. Thus, her behavior shows consistency.
According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________.
A) distinctiveness
B) tractability
C) consensus
D) consistency
E) manageability
C) If everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows consensus.
Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior?
A) It shows consensus.
B) It shows similarity.
C) It shows consistency.
D) It shows reliability.
E) It shows distinctiveness.
C) Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. An employee who hasn't been late for several months is perceived differently than an employee who is late two or three times a week. Janice d
According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause?
A) a behavior that scores high on consensus
B) a behavior that scores low on distinctiveness
C) a behavior that scores high on cons
A) According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus, we tend to attribute it to external causes.
Samantha is never late for work, but last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha's behavior on that day scores ________.
A) high on reliability
B) low on distinctiveness
C) high on traceabil
D) If a person responds the same way over time then his or her behavior displays consistency. Since Samantha is generally in the office on time, her behavior scores low on consistency.
Megan Cardova, who works as a sales executive at Orbit Bank, has been failing to meet her sales targets for the last 10 months. Recently, she had a face-to-face discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason for he
D) If everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say that the behavior shows consensus.
According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes.
A) low on consistency
B) high on rigidity
C) low on distinctiveness
D) high on consensus
E) low on conformity
C) Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores low on distinctiveness, we tend to attribute it to internal causes.
Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?
A) fundamental attribution error
B) bandwago
A) The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is referred to as the fundamental attribution error.
Naomi Fisher, a sales manager at Pure, a water purifier company, had a new member, Leah Marshall, join her team. Though during Leah's interview, Naomi felt she would be a productive sales executive, her performance has often been below the mark. Consisten
B) The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others refers to the fundamental attribution error. If Leah is assigned a sales territory whe
Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She recently worked on a campaign against global warming during which she worked extremely hard to
B) Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is known as a self-serving bias. If
Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works lo
C) The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is referred to as the fundamental attribution error.
________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
A) Status quo
B) Self-serving
C) Distinction
D) Congruence
E) Anchoring
B) Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is known as a self-serving bias.
Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for project successes even when her team members' contributions play a big role in achieving milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team memb
E) Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is known as a self-serving bias.
Laura Simpson, a campaign manager at a child rights organization in Jakarta, planned a marathon for celebrities to raise money for underprivileged children. Though all arrangements for the event had been made, a few days before the event she realized that
B) A self-serving bias places the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers rather than taking personal responsibility for the failure.
Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli.
A) selective perception
B) cognitive dissonance
C) self-serving bias
D) emotional labor
E) self-fulfilling prophecy
A) Any characteristic that makes a person, an object, or an event stand out will increase the probability we will perceive it. Since we can't observe everything going on about us, we engage in selective perception.
You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________.
A) stereotyping
B) self-serving bias
C) halo effect
D) selective perception
E) contrast effect
D) Because we can't observe everything going on about us, we engage in selective perception. Selective perception allows us to "speed-read" others. Due to selective perception, we are more likely to notice cars like our own.
Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This
A) Because we cannot assimilate all that we observe, we take in bits and pieces. But we don't choose randomly; rather, we select according to our interests, background, experience, and attitudes. This is known as selective perception.
________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
A) Confirmation bias
B) Self-serving bias
C) Randomness error
D) Halo effect
E) Hindsight bias
D) When we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance, a halo effect is operating. A single trait is allowed to influence the overall impression of the person bei
Amanda Winter worked as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance until three months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was fac
D) When we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance, a halo effect is operating. A single trait is allowed to influence the overall impression of the person bei
Which of the following describes the halo effect?
A) attributing our own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
B) judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs
C) interpreting a person's be
D) We tend to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance. This is known as halo effect.
William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the foll
D) When we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance, a halo effect is operating. A single trait is allowed to influence the overall impression of the person bei
________ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
A) Halo effect
B) Contrast effect
C) Confirmation bias
D) Stereoty
B) Contrast effect is the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?
A) It attributes success to internal factors and blames failure on external factors.
B) It involves judging a person on the basis of perception of the group to which he or she belongs.
C) Contrast effect is the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situat
B) Contrast effect is the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________.
A) confirmation bias
B) stereotyping
C) framing effect
D) self-serving bias
E) bandwagon effect
B) Stereotyping is defined as judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs. Relying on this type of generalization helps a person make decisions quickly.
Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations?
A) hindsight bias
B) randomness error
C) stereotyping
D) illusory superiority
E) telescoping effect
C) Stereotyping is defined as judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs. Relying on this type of generalization helps a person make decisions quickly.
Rose Buffay needs to give a presentation to the board of directors of her organization next week. She knows that her presentation will play an important role in her performance appraisal in the next quarter. However, she knows that two of her colleagues,
D) When people engage in stereotyping, they are judging someone on the basis of their perception of the group to which that person belongs. Buffay is judging all the presenters by their gender group.
A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can't learn new skills. This belief is an example of ________.
A) an anchoring bias
B) a fundamental attribution error
C) a confirmation bias
D) a self-serving bias
E) stereotyping
E) When we judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs, we are using the shortcut called stereotyping.
Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting expectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception?
A) confirmation bias
B) self-fulfil
B) A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting expectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Sarah Covington, a sales manager at Synergy Corporation Bank, often keeps low expectations of her team. She feels that they are underqualified for their job and do not have substantial experience to sell a large number of accounts. Covington's team does n
B) A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting expectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives?
A) inquiry
B) decision
C) perception
D) intuition
E) rationalization
B) A decision refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives. Individual decision making is thus an important part of organizational behavior. But the way individuals make decisions and the quality of their choices are largely influenced by th
A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
A) problem
B) decision
C) instinct
D) intuition
E) perception
A) A problem refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state. Decision making occurs as a reaction to a problem.
Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome?
A) rational decision-making model
B) flexible decision-making model
C) distributive decision-making model
D) associative deci
A) Rational decision-making model refers to a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome. It relies on a number of assumptions, including that the decision maker has complete information, is able t
Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?
A) It takes into consideration the limited information-processing capability of individuals.
B) It involves constructing simplified models without capturing all their
D) The rational decision-making model relies on a number of assumptions, including that the decision maker has complete information, is able to identify all the relevant options in an unbiased manner, and chooses the option with the highest utility.
What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?
A) developing alternatives
B) defining the problem
C) identifying the decision criteria
D) weighing the decision criteria
E) evaluating the alternatives
B) The rational decision-making model follows a six-step process. The steps are 1) Defining the problem; 2) Identifying the decision criteria; 3) Allocating weights to the criteria; 4) Developing the alternatives; 5) Evaluating the alternatives; and 6) Se
Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making
A) The rational decision-making model follows a six-step process. The steps are 1) Define the problem; 2) Identify the decision criteria; 3) Allocate weights to the criteria; 4) Develop the alternatives; 5) Evaluate the alternatives; and 6) Select the bes
With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve?
A) weighing each criteria before making a decision
B) seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient
C) scrutinizing and evaluating each alternative in detail
D) s
B) The limited information-processing capability of human beings makes it impossible to assimilate and understand all the information necessary to optimize. In addition, many problems likely do not have an optimal solution because they are too complicated
Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisfic
B) The limited information-processing capability of human beings makes it impossible to assimilate and understand all the information necessary to optimize. In addition, many problems likely do not have an optimal solution because they are too complicated
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________.
A) optimal decision making
B) intuitive decision making
C) bounded rationality
D
C) The human mind cannot formulate and solve complex problems with full rationality. Thus, they operate within the confines of bounded rationality. The process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from
________ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.
A) Process consultation
B) Action research
C) Intuitive decision making
D) Active selection
E) Emotional intelligence
C) Intuitive decision making is an unconscious process created from distilled experience. Intuitive decision making occurs outside conscious thought, relies on holistic associations, is fast, and engages in emotions.
Which of the following is true about intuitive decision making?
A) It is a slow process of decision making.
B) It is devoid of emotions.
C) It is the most rational way of making decision.
D) It occurs within conscious thought.
E) It involves making decisi
E) Intuition refers to an unconscious process created out of distilled experience. It occurs outside conscious thought and relies on holistic associations, or links between disparate pieces of information. It is fast and is affectively charged, meaning it
Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. If Stintson
B) Intuition is a highly complex and highly developed form of reasoning that is based on years of experience and learning. The key to using intuition in decision making is neither to abandon nor to rely solely on intuition, but to supplement it with evide
The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
A) hindsight
B) overconfidence
C) anchoring
D) availability
E) self-serving
C) The anchoring bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. It occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives.
Jeanne Edwards works as a campaign manager at Rainforest Alliance Trust, a forest protection organization in Indonesia. She is currently working on the Palm Oil Campaign, which aims to establish stringent laws against companies which aggravate deforestati
A) The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them refers to availability bias. If Griffin and Powell ensures that all their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives on forests are regularly and su
Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the Ministry of Environment and allies with several environmental orga
A) A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information, refers to an anchoring bias. If Johanna were moved by the arguments put forward by the first speaker, then this supports the argumen
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias.
A) distinction
B) omission
C) impact
D) confirmation
E) anchoring
D) The confirmation bias represents a specific case of selective perception. People seek out information that reaffirms past choices and discount information that contradicts them. They also tend to accept at face value information that confirms their pre
________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible.
A) Anchoring
B) Availability
C) Overconfidence
D) Confirmation
E) Hindsight
B) Availability bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them.
Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?
A) impact bias
B) normalcy bias
C) distinction bias
D) anchoring bias
E) status quo bias
D) Any time a negotiation takes place, so does anchoring. For example, when a prospective employer asks how much you made in your prior job, your answer typically anchors the employer's offer.
A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias.
A) self-serving bias
B) availability
C) impact
D)
B) Availability bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them. The availability bias explains why managers doing performance appraisals give more weight to recent employee behaviors than to
________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.
A) Escalation of commitment
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Randomness error
D) Risk aversion
E) Availability bias
A) Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it is wrong.
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias.
A) self-serving
B) confirmation
C) impact
D) hindsight
E) anchoring
D) The hindsight bias is the tendency to believe falsely, after the outcome is known, that one would have accurately predicted it. The hindsight bias reduces our ability to learn from the past. It lets us think we are better predictors than we are and can
According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
A) utilitarianism
B) selective perception
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) halo effect
E) contrast
A) According to the ethical yardstick of utilitarianism, decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. In this system, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes.
Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________.
A) change agents
B) boundary spanners
C) early adopters
D) whistle-blowers
E) free riders
D) Whistle-blowers are individuals who reveal an organization's unethical practices to the press or government agencies, using their right to free speech.
Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?
A) expertise
B) logical thinking skills
C) extrinsic task motivation
D) intuition
E) analytical skills
A) Expertise is the foundation for all creative work. The potential for creativity is enhanced when individuals have abilities, knowledge, proficiencies, and similar expertise in their field of endeavor.
The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.
A) external locus of control
B) intrinsic task motivation
C) emotional intelligence
D) positivity offset
E)
B) The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.
An individual's perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.
TRUE
Explanation: Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. However, what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality.
People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
TRUE
Explanation: People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.
The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver's personality or past experiences.
FALSE
Explanation: A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.
Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.
TRUE
Explanation: Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.
According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior.
FALSE
Explanation: According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an externally caused behavior.
According to attribution theory, the more consistent a behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes.
FALSE
Explanation: According to attribution theory, the more consistent a behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to internal causes.
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors is known as the confirmation bias.
FALSE
Explanation: The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors is known as the self-serving bias.
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as the randomness error.
FALSE
Explanation: The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as the fundamental attribution error.
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic is known as the contrast effect.
FALSE
Explanation: The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic is known as the halo effect.
A candidate is likely to receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded by mediocre applicants and a less favorable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants. This is an example of the halo effect.
FALSE
Explanation: We don't evaluate a person in isolation. Our reaction is influenced by other persons we have recently encountered, and this phenomenon is explained by the contrast effect.
Stereotyping helps individuals make quick decision through generalizations.
TRUE
Explanation: Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs is known as stereotyping. For individuals, relying on generalizations every day helps them make decisions quickly; they are a means of simplifying
In an interview, information elicited early from an interviewee carries greater weight than information elicited later.
TRUE
Explanation: Research shows we form impressions of others within a tenth of a second, based on our first glance. If these first impressions are negative, they tend to be more heavily weighted in the interview than if that same information came out la
The rational decision-making model takes into consideration the fact that all information pertaining to a problem might not be available to the decision maker.
FALSE
Explanation: The rational decision-making model relies on a number of assumptions, including that the decision maker has complete information, is able to identify all the relevant options in an unbiased manner, and chooses the option with the highes
Rational decision making is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.
FALSE
Explanation: Intuitive decision making is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.
Anchoring bias occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives.
TRUE
Explanation: The anchoring bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. It occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it rece
A person's tendency to believe he or she can predict the outcome of random events is known as the self-serving bias.
FALSE
Explanation: Our tendency to believe we can predict the outcome of random events is the randomness error.
Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.
TRUE
Explanation: Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it is wrong.
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as the confirmation bias.
FALSE
Explanation: The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as the hindsight bias.
Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.
TRUE
Explanation: Twenty years of study find women spend much more time than men analyzing the past, present, and future. They're more likely to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.
A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders productivity and efficiency.
FALSE
Explanation: The first ethical yardstick is utilitarianism, which proposes making decisions solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. This view dominates business decision making. It is cons
What is perception? Discuss the factors that influence perception.
Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. What an individual perceives can be substantially different from objective reality. When people look at a target a
Discuss the attribution theory
The attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors: (1) distinctiveness, (2) consensus, and (
Compare the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias.
When we make judgments about the behavior of other people, we have a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors. This is called the fundamental attribution error. There is als
What is selective perception?
The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience, and attitudes is known as selective perception. Individuals engage in selective perception because it is impossible for them to assimilate everyth
Victoria Hastings works as a sales manager at a bank and her behavior is characterized by the fundamental attribution error and halo effect. Explain with the help of an example what Hastings' behavior is most likely to be toward her team in such a situati
A person who is characterized by the fundamental attribution error has a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others. This explains why H
Describe and explain the four steps of creative behavior.
Creative behavior occurs in four steps, each of which is linked to the next. In the first step, problem formulation, a problem or opportunity that requires a solution as yet unknown is identified. So, the act of creativity begins with a problem that the b
Explain with an example the contrast effect.
Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics is known as the contrast effect. We don't evaluate a person in isolation. Our reaction is
Explain the relationship between decision making and perception.
Individuals in organizations make decisions, choices from among two or more alternatives. Individual decision making is an important part of organizational behavior. But the way individuals make decisions and the quality of their choices are largely influ
What is bounded rationality? How is it related to decision making?
The capacity of the human mind for formulating and solving complex problems is far too small to meet the requirements for full rationality. Thus, individuals operate within the confines of bounded rationality. They construct simplified models that extract
What is intuitive decision making? Explain.
Intuitive decision making is an unconscious process created from distilled experience. It occurs outside conscious thought and relies on holistic associations, or links between disparate pieces of information. It is fast and is affectively charged, which
What is an anchoring bias?
An anchoring bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. It occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives. Anchors are w
Describe the confirmation bias.
The rational decision-making process assumes we objectively gather information. But we don't. We selectively gather it. The confirmation bias represents a specific case of selective perception: we seek out information that reaffirms our past choices, and
What is escalation of commitment? Explain.
Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it is wrong. Individuals escalate commitment to a failing course of action when they view themselves as responsible for the failure. People who carefully gather a
Explain the hindsight bias.
The hindsight bias is the tendency to believe falsely, after the outcome is known, that we'd have accurately predicted it. When we have accurate feedback on the outcome, we seem pretty good at concluding it was obvious. The hindsight bias reduces our abil
Explain the effect of gender on decision making.
Research on rumination offers insights into gender differences in decision making. Rumination refers to reflecting at length. In terms of decision making, it means overthinking problems. Twenty years of study find women spend much more time than men analy
Explain how stereotyping can cause problems for some managers when making ethical decisions. Provide an example.
One of the criterion of ethical decision making is to focus on individual rights. Thus, the use of stereotyping would affect the ethical decision-making process. The focus on rights calls on individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental libert
What are the three ethical decision criteria? Explain
The first ethical yardstick is utilitarianism, which proposes making decisions solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. This view dominates business decision making. It is consistent with goals s
Explain the three components of creativity. Name two biases and give examples of how they would affect creativity.
The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative-thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.
a) Expertise is the foundation for all creative work. The potential for creativity is enha