Describe three groups of mammals and an example of each.
- Monotreme: platypus
- Marsupials: Kangaroo
- Eutherian: Horsies
Describe the structure and function of the three major components of the human circulatory system.
- Fluid filled network of vessels, closed system in humans
- Transports materials needed by cells (oxygen and glucose), removes waste (carbon dioxide, urea)
- Composed of heart, vessel network (arteries and veins), blood
Describe a muscle pair and how it works. 'antagonistic relationship'
Bicep and tricep, antagonistic relationship so when bicep is flexed tricep is relaxed and vise versa
Describe basic structure and function of the human heart.
Heart is made up of four chambers left/right atrium and left/right ventricle, left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen can be absorbed
Describe what happens during inhalation and exhalation.
Inhalation - muscles between ribs contract and rib cage rises, diaphragm contracts creating more space in chest cavity
Exhalation - muscles around ribs relax and ribs drop down into chest cavity, diaphragm relaxes and returns to rest position chest cavity
Given a scenario of a patient being seen for high blood pressure, identify what normal blood pressure is, what systolic and diastolic numbers mean in regard to what is happening in the heart, and what can be done to prevent high blood pressure.
- Normal blood pressure is 110/70 (should be 120/80) to 140/90.
- Systolic pressure is the result of the ventricles contracting
- Diastolic pressure is a result of the ventricles relaxing
- Regular exercise, healthy diet, and maintaining a healthy weight
What are the main functions of the respiratory pathways?
Upper respiratory passage filters and humidifies incoming air
Lower respiratory passage includes delicate conduction passages and alveolar exchange
Describe blood flow through the heart, describing the difference between what right vs. left side of the heart does (function) and how the components of the heart differ (structure) between right and left side.
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen can be absorbed
What happens when a person has osteoarthritis?
The cartilage that cushions the bones wears away causing bone on bone contact and pain.
Why is it important to do weight bearing exercises?
Strengths muscles (including the heart), tendons, ligaments, and encourages stronger bone development.
What are the 5 main functions of bone - describe each one.
- Movement: muscles provide movement of bones
- Protection: protect vital organs
- Support: provide support and anchor for muscles
- Mineral storage: stores calcium, phosphorus, and other ions
- Blood cell formation: parts of bone are active in blood cell
Describe the four regions of the brain and their function.
- Corpus callosum: connects right and left hemispheres
- Cerebellum: important for coordination, precision, and timing movement
- Cerebral cortex: where planning, reasoning, language, memory all take place
- Brain Stem: regulates heart rate, breathing, em
What kinds of muscle do we have in the human body and where are they located?
Skeletal muscles: located on exterior of skeleton allow for movement
Cardiac muscle: the heart
Smooth muscle: intestines
Muscle diagram
https://images.sampletemplates.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/18113346/Muscle-Diagram-Chart.jpeg
Know the parts of a flower:
a) Be able to label all parts, and describe the FUNCTION of each part.
b) Know the difference between an angiosperm and gymnosperm
c) What are some adaptations that seeds have for dispersal?
d) What are the different lifespans
a)- Petals - color used to attract pollinators
- Sepals - sit below petals, and protect bud before it opens
- Stamen - male reproductive organ where the
pollen sits on top of
- Anther - top of stamen where the pollen is
- Pistil - female reproductive orga
Why are viruses not considered living things?
How are they transmitted?
- Unable to reproduce and cannot grow on their own as they require a host.
- Can be spread from contact with surfaces contaminated with the virus. Viruses can survive for up to 3 weeks on contaminated surfaces.
Describe what attenuated viruses are and how they are used.
A weakened and less vigorous strain of a virus that a vaccine can be developed from.
Describe how bones are deconstructed and reconstructed, using scientific terms.
Osteoblasts renew the minerals within a bone and osteoclasts withdraw any minerals for bone "remodeling" (growth).
Describe the two types of nervous systems.
- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system: connects everything to the brain and spinal cord
Be able to explain how neurons are connected and how neurons are constructed.
Neurons are connected by synapses and are made of nerve cells bound together.
Explain synapse and how the synapse carries signals. Apply this to the neuron.
Synapses carry signals from the neuron via electrical current to the nervous system.
Who was Gregor Mendel and why was his work so important? What did he find out?
Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian friar who studied heredity and whose research led the way for DNA and genetic research. He was the first to study breeding heredity by using pea pods. He discovered recessive and dominant traits by cross breeding the pea p
Know the terms - genotype, phenotype, hybrid, true breeding, homozygous, heterozygous, dihybrid, dominant and recessive.
- genotype: genes carried by chromosomes
- phenotype: physical makeup of the organism
- homozygous: two identical copies of gene (pure bred for example = RR)
- heterozygous: two non-identical (different) genes (non-pure bred for example = Rr)
- dihybrid:
Given a description of two animals who are mating- say a brown heifer and a white bull, and being told which was dominant and which was recessive, be able to draw a Punnett square correctly depicting and provide the probabilities for the color of the offs
Practice Punnett squares
What do organelles in flowers do?
Carry out essential function for survival: harvest energy, make new proteins, and eliminate waste products.
Describe why viruses are technically not considered living things (for the purposes of K-8 education).
They cannot replicate (reproduce) or grow without a host.
punnett square
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production
Cell wall
Support the shape of an entire cell; made up mostly of cellulose
Cell Membrane
Also called the plasma membrane; semipermeable barrier made of 2 layers of phospholipids
Lysosomes
Bags of enzymes used to digest particles and bacteria; "garbage men" of the cell; they work in conjunction with vacuoles
Nucleus
Control center of the cell; contains nucleolus and DNA
Chloroplasts
Sites for photosynthesis; found only in plant cells; contain chlorophyll
Cilia and flagella
Locomotive structures made up of microtubules
Cytoplasm
Watery substance that fills the interior of cells and suspends organelles
Vacuoles
Storage sacs; plant cells have a single large one; animal cells have many smaller ones
Golgi Body
Processes, packages, and stores the fats and proteins produced by the ER