2202 exam 2

asexual reproduction

reproduction of a genetically identical plant using mitosis

Evolution

the change in genetic composition of a population over successive generations caused by natural selection, artificial selection, inbreeding, hybridization, and mutation

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have advantageous traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals

Adaptation

the adjustment or changes in the structure or function of an organism to become better suited to an environment

artificial selection

a process of intentional breeding of plants with desirable traits

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

gene locus

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Alleles

alternative versions of a gene found at the same gene locus

homologous chromosomes

a pair of nonidentical chromosomes that code for the same genes

Meiosis

cell division that separates the homologous chromosomes in diploid cells to form haploid cells (gametes)

fertilization

the recombination of haploid cells (gametes) to form a new organism (zygote)

diploid cells

Cells that contain homologous chromosomes (2n)

Haploid cells

cells that have only one chromosome from each pair

Gametes

reproductive cells (n)

Zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments of DNA during meiosis

independent assortment

homologous chromosomes sort independently during metaphase of mitosis resulting in greater different allele combinations