Chapter 17

List three challenges that the first land-dwelling plants would have needed to overcome.

maintain moisture, supporting the plant boy and reproduction

Two adaptations that land plants have for minimizing water loss are____and____

waxy cuticles and closing stomata

The first group of land plants is called. List two adaptations that they lack.

bryophytes, they lack true roots and leaves

A rose bush is what kind of plant? When did this type of plant first appear?

angiosperm, 140 million years ago

Which of the following types of plants have the following characteristics: originated 360____(mya), produce seeds that are not in specialized chambers, were abundant during the age of dinosaurs?

gymnosperms

True or false: Plants have an alternation of generations that include diploid and haploid stages.

True

In humans, haploid gametes are produced by meiosis. However, plants produce haploid gametes by mitosis. How this is possible.

gametophyte plant is what produces gametes, because the gametophyte is already haploid, it needs only to produce haploid gametes through mitosis.

Which of the following statements is incorrect about alternation of generations in plants?

the dominant plant structure in a fern is the gametophyte

Briefly explain how the burning of fossil fuels in the past 200 years has essentially reversed that trend.

Fossil fuels burnt today are the organic remnants of all those plants, the carbon found within those fuels were originally taken from the atmosphere by those plants during photosynthesis, we are now returning that carbon to the atmosphere as CO2

What are the two major differences between the sperm of seedless plants and that of seed plants?

Seedless plants produce flagellated sperm, whereas seed plants have pollen grains that disperse the sperm-producing cells through the air.

Pollination and fertilization are often confused. Briefly compare pollination with fertilization.

pollination is when a pollen grain lands on a compatible female structure; fertilization is when the pollen grain grows a pollen tube and discharges sperm nucleus for fusion with the female gamete.

In____ the flowers are the sites of____ and____

angiosperms, pollination, fertilization

You remove the stamen from a flowering plant. In effect, what have you just created

the female plant

From question 13, what famous scientist did the same thing?

Gregor Mendel

True or false: Fertilization in angiosperms following pollination usually takes months, which has limited its success in many environments.

False, it takes 12 hours

A beautiful fall day outside and you are enjoying a day picking apples at the local apple orchard. Unable to resist, you bite into an apple straight off the tree. Briefly explain what you are eating.

ripened ovary of an apple tree flower

A(n)____is an adaptation of angiosperms to help____its seeds.

fruit, disperse

List three different seed structures that give rise to three different seed-dispersal techniques.

dandelion seeds

True or false: Not every angiosperm has invested in attracting pollinators.

True

Modern plant-breeding techniques (artificial selection in action) have reduced genetic variability in many of our most commercially valuable plants. To most people, that would generate a shrug. However, a biology student who has studied evolution understa

the lack of genetic diversity could become a problem if a disease or insect begins to destroy crops

All members of the kingdom____are____that acquire organic
molecules through____.

fungi, heterotrophs, absorption

mycorrhizae

fungi that live symbiotically with plants

chitin

makes up the cell wall of fungi

True or false: The diploid (2n) stage of fungi is usually short.

True

When the mycelia of two different fungi grow toward each other and fuse their cytoplasm, it is not often followed by nuclear fusion. What is this stage called?

heterokaryotic stage; cells that contain two genetically distinct haploid nuclei

mold

reproduce by producing spores

yeast

reproduce through cell division that creates buds that pinch off from the parent cell

mold and yeast

reproduce asexually and belong to the fungi kingdom

True or false: Animals and fungi diverged from a flagellated Archaeplastid.

False; evolved from unicot

a plant has a mutation that keeps it from being invaded by the hyphae of a glomeromycete. In what nutrient would you expect this plant to be deficient?

you would expect the plant to be deficient in phosphate bc the arbuscle helps the plant mainly by supplying phosphate

What crucial role do fungi play in terrestrial environments apart from mycorrhizae?

crucial as decomposers of organic material

Fungi have no shortage of important medical and commercial roles in our society. list three things

break down toxic pollutants, they help produce cheeses, are a source for certain antibiotics

lichens are actually a symbiotic association of____and____

fungi, photosynthetic organisms

explain why lichens are important pioneers on new land.

they help to form soil

What piece of evidence suggests an ancient relationship between fungi and plants?

endosymbiotic theory