During early embryonic development, the apical-basal polarity of the plant is established during..
Zygotic stage
The expansion of walls of young cells is...
Equal in all dimensions
Enhanced by lowered pH in the wall space
The hormones that are involved in maintaining and breaking seed dormancy are...
ABA
GA
Branching in vascular plants is controlled by...
Auxin
Cytokinin
Strigolactone
A newly germinated pea seedling would likely have growth originating from...
apical meristem
Shoot vascular development...
Occurs after seedling germination
Is directed by auxin movement.
Shade avoidance is mediated by...
phytochrome sencing decreased red:far red light ratio
Programmed cell death is involved in...
Defense against pathogens
Formation aerenchyma cells
Maturation of xylem vessels
Which of the following would exhibit indeterminate growth?
Ivy stems
Corn roots
The correct order of these developmental stages is...
Zygotic, Globular, Heart, Torpedo, Mature (ZGHTM)
Plant morphogenesis defines plant shape via two mechanisms. These are cell ________ and cell ___________.
expansion and division
In meristematic regions of plants, cell fate is determined by both ___________ and __________.
Parents and neighbors
All seeds share three features. These include: the __________, ___________, and ______________.
seed coat, embryo, lunchbox (food storage)
Seeds of some plant species like mangroves do not undergo dormancy. Although this condition is normal in those species, in most plants this condition, known as _____________ lead to premature germination of the seeds while still on the mother plant.
Vivipary
The figure below shows dose-response for a plant hormone. This behavious is associated with the hormone ________.
Auxin
In cereal grains, a special cells layer surrounds the endosperm, known as the ________ cell layer. This layer is the source of enzyme like a-amylase.
Aleurone
________________ is the organized, energy-dependent, autocatalytic process controlled by plant interactions of environmental factors with genetically regulated developmental programs. Whereas ___________ is death due to physical damage, poisons, or other
APOPTOSIS (SENESENCE) ; Necrosis
All of the tissues in the root are derived from a small number of _____________ cells in the rot apical meristem.
Initial
Seed development occurs in three phases. 1) cell division and tissue differerntaion, 2) cessation of growth and accumulation of nutrient reserves, and 3) _______________________________
Dessication tolerance
In addition to the root and shoot apical meristems, we addressed a variety of intercalary meristams. Two of these are the __________________ and _________________.
Axillary meristem and branch root meristem
Phloem sap is likely to contain..
Sucrose
Amino acids
Phloem unloading in sink tissues..
Can occur through apoplastic mechanisms.
Can occur through symplastic mechanisms.
Is energy dependent.
Often is dependent upon metabolism of the transported molecules.
Photoreversible phytochrome-mediated responses include..
Responses to shade
Inhibition of internode elongation
Promotion of germination
Examples of source to sink relationships include...
Oldest mature leaves -> fruit
Secondary leaves ->apical meristems
Oldest mature leaves -> roots
Roots -> apical meristems
Low fluence responses are...
Photoreversible
Mediated by red and far-red light
Which photoreceptor pigments do you think might have this action spectra?
Phototropin
Crytochrome
ABA is involved in...
Water stress response
Seed Maturation
Second messengers would include...
ROS
Ca2+
Membrane lipids
Cell autonomous responses would include...
Guard cell opening due to blue light signaling
Phloem loading via apoplastic pathways wold have need for..
Sucrose symporters
___________________ is a compound found in phloem of angiosperms that is involved in short-term sealing of damages sieve elements. It is laterreinforced with callous.
P-protein
In angiosperms, phloem is composed of two cell types. These are ______________ and ___________________.
Sieve tubes and companion cells
Etiolated plants are characterized by three traits. 2 of these are _________________________ and _______________________.
Long white stems and small leaves
Ethylene is reponsible for ___________ and _____________________.
Epinasty and regulation of fruit ripening
____________________ and _________________ are two possible ways to control the levels of hormones present in the plant.
Degradation and Inactivation
____________ is the plant hormone that is responsible for tropisms.
Auxin
Whit regard to light-mediated responses, the time between light perception and the resulting response is known as the ______________.
Lagtime
The physiologically active form of phytochrome is designated as ________.
Pfr
Phloem loading via the apoplast requires the activity of sucrose symporters. The ____________ is transmembrane transporter that supplies the energy needed to power this process.
H+ ATPases
In your research, you are trying to find mutants for gibberellin (GA3) production. You would expect these plants to be abnormally ___________ comared to wild-type plants.
Short
Items involved in establishing the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane include:
Plastoquione-based electron transport.
Water splitting at the oxygen evolving complex of PSII
Which of the following are possible ways an exited chlorophyll molecule can return to ground state?
Give off heat.
Release red photon.
Pass energy off another chlorophyll molecule via resonance transfer
Pass energy off another carotenoid molecule via resonance transfer
The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (Calvin cycle) requires:
Activated RuBisCO
NADPH produced by the light reactions
Which of these products of carbon assimilation would you expect to find in the chloroplast?
Amylose
Amylopectin
Triose phosphate.
Light absorbing molecules involved in phtosythesis include...
Phycobilliprotein
Xanthophyl
Direct products of the "light reactions" include:
ATP
NADPH
From the data in the table, which of the following ions are being activly transpoted across the membrane into the cytosol?
Chloride
Nitrate
In regard to heat loss, the Bowens ratio for a desert plant in the middle of a summer day would be...
High
Calcuim is maintained at very low levels in the cytosol. This is accomplished via...
Ca2+ ATPases
H+ ATPases
Ca2+ antiporters
Implications of a CO2 concentrating mechanism such as C4 and CAM include...
Allowing for plants to synthesize less rubisco
Reducing the nitrogen requirements for these plants
Increasing the need for light generated "reducing power"
Limiting water loss
_______________________ measure physiological response as a function as a function of wavelength.
Action Spectra
The photorespiratory cycle requires participation of three organelles. These include the _______________, ______________, and ____________.
Chloroplast, mitochodria, and peroxisome
CAM plants use the enzyme _________________ to fiz carbon into 4 carbon organic acid during the night and then use the enzyme ____________ to assimilate CO2 during the day
PEP carboxylase ; Rubisco
Possible numerical values for the quatum yield must be between ___ and ___
0 and 1
The light reactions of photosythesis generate reducing power (NADPH). _________________ and _________________ are metabolic processses that compete for this reducing power.
Calvin Cycle and Nitrogen Assimilation
_______ and _____________ are two aspects of leaf morphology that can be modified to maximize or minimize light absorbtion
size and thickness
_________________ is the part of the photosynthetic apparatus targetes by the herbicide Atrazine.
Photosystem II
______________ is the transporter in plants responsible for setting up the ion gradient at the expense of ATP that is used for coupled transport of other ions across the plasmalemma.
H+ATPase
CO2 can also be generated during a photosyntheses-associated event called ________________.
Photorespiration
All plastids (chloplasts, amyloplasts, chromoplasts, ect.) start out developmentally as ___________________.
Proplastids
Ground of structural tissue in plants would include:
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
The terms of the total water potential that are important in moving water from the soil to roots include...
Pressure potential
Assimilation of NO3- into amino acids requires participation of...
Glutamine sythetase
Nitrate reductase
Nitrite reductase
Which of the following do you believe will have a significant negative affect on plant water status?
Increasing soil salt concentration
Increasing wind speed
The "modular" vascular system design found in vascular plants allow for ...
For some to be sacrificed to clear others of gas bubbles.
Pits between vessels serve as shut off valves under conditions of tissue damage.
Bypass of blocked elements.
Stomatal closure can be induced by:
Abscisic acid
High wind
High levels of carbon dioxide within the leaf
temperatures between 30 and 34 C
Which of the following elements might be involved in chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll) when available in limited quantities?
Iron
Manganese
Nitrogen
In the figure to the right the differences between the two curves is related to..
Boundary layer thickness
Relative to sand, clay will have...
Lower drainage, but greater nutrient capacity.
The data in the figure to the right shows that..
Blue light is responsible for guard call swelling
Xylem is made up of modular elements known as __________ and ___________.
Treichiads and vessels
__________ is a term used to denote that cells have a positive hydrostatic pressure (although their overall water potential is still negative)
Turgor
Two proporties of water that are important for plant growth and metablolism are ___________________ and _____________________.
High heat capacity and latent heat of vaporization
The ___________________ is an area of reduced airflow that is close to the leaf's surface.
Boundary layer
The spaces inside and outside of the plasmalemma are functually different and plants control movement from one to the other. The name given to the collevctive space outside of the plasmalemma is the ______________.
Apoplast
___________ is an ion that is often avalible to the plant in limited quantity becasue it is easily leached from the soil.
Nitrate
____ and ____ are examples of elements that are involved in electron transport transfer reactions, and are thus classified as "Group 4" elements.
Cu and Mg
Nod factors are produced by _____________ and are important for setting up a symbiotic relationship that allow for nitrogen fixation.
Bacteria
Two of the stable end products nitrogen assimilation that are transported throughout the plant are __________ and ______________
Glutamine and Glutamate
Symbiotic association with ________________ increase the surface area of roots and create a larger nutrient access zone to provide the plant with nutrients.
Microrrhizea